The Letters In Pride And Prejudice

The Letters In Pride And Prejudice To reveal how useful the letters are in Pride and Prejudice, we need to look at the history behind letter writing. Jane Austens novel, Pride and Prejudice was written in 1813. The main form of communication then was by letters. However, they did not have a Central Postal system that we have today, where if you want to send a letter or parcel urgently then it could arrive within a few hours, instead they had their mail sent by Mail Coach. Although, you could send the mail by express, which was where you would pay an extra amount of money to have your mail sent faster, for example Mr Gardiners letter in chapter 44 was sent by express. There were no separate envelopes so letters were folded and the address would be written on the back, often they would seal it using wax. If the letter was private then the writer may have made an envelope which would be made from simply folding paper. In chapter 35 Darcy makes an envelope for his letter to Elizabeth because it is so long. Paper would have been extremely expensive in Jane Austens time, so to save paper the writer would write in the margins making sure they used up every space upon the paper. The letters would have been written using a pen made from a quill feather, which would have been sharpened to a point and dipped in ink. The lost original first version of Pride and Prejudice was written in epistolary form and was called, First Impressions. Other eighteenth century authors wrote in this form. A twentieth century novel also written in epistolary form is, The Color Purple, Alice Walker. In total there are 40 letters either paraphrased or directly quoted in the novel Pride and Prejudice. Letters are useful because they give secrecy between two characters allowing for complete privacy. They allow the characters to express feelings they can never convey aloud, they have time to think. Letters allow one to reveal their thoughts more personally and intimately than they can in person. Staring at a blank page of paper is definitely less intimidating than looking into someones eyes. Letters allow you to communicate without travelling yourself. They are good for the use of invitations. Communication is such an important vitality, and letter-writing lacks the loss of words, stuttering, awkward silences, and uneasiness that conversations can sometimes carry. You can read a letter over and over again each time gaining a better understanding. In Chapter 36 Elizabeth reads the letter from Darcy intently it quotes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ commanded herself so for as to examine the meaning of every sentence., she read and re-read with the closest attention., Again she read onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. They show that you can study a letter and read beyond the surface. As a reader a letter makes you feel as if you are prying. It gives you a quick coverage so you know what is happening in the novel. They are used to catch up with reasons of behaviour which advances the plot. From using letters it shows Janes ability to provide a variety and also break up the narrative at the same time. From the letters in the novel you can learn about the character of the writer and also the characteristics are revealed without being said bluntly. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, letter-writing is almost as much a form of communication as face-to-face conversation. In fact, letters provide some of the most intense and important climaxes in the story, not to mention some of the most intense secrets. This method that Austen uses effectively conveys the situation without any interruption or delay. The most obvious example of a letter revealing intimate feelings is Darcys letter in chapter 35.The content is informing her of the truth about Wickham. Darcy writes this letter to Elizabeth to apologise and explain for his behaviour. He writes it in a letter because he does not know whether he should reveal the truth to her. He writes You may possibly wonder why all this was not told you last night; but I was not then master enough of myself to know what could or ought to be revealed. He decides to confide in her. He says I write without any intention of paining youà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This reveals that his character is not as arrogant as you are made to think about him and that he is considerate and sensitive which is everything Elizabeth needs to be reading at this time. He is focussed by sticking to the point and uses an anxious but calm tone. His letter is in detail and in great length. He uses a widened vocabulary and his style is varied. He is original and open-hearted. His letter shows that he is an educated writer. This explanation to Elizabeth is a crucial piece of text because it alters the way she thinks and her feelings towards Darcy and Wickham, Her feelings as she read were scarcely to be defined. Until he writes this letter, Darcy does not show his true emotions and feelings towards people. The letter is useful to Darcy because it lets him express his feelings that have been locked up inside him. He trusts Elizabeth enough to confide in her. A complete opposite of Darcy is Mr Collins. There are many distinctive differences between them. In chapter 13 Mr Collins writes to Mr Bennet to invite himself over to Longbourn. He writes the letter so he can meet the daughters and hopefully marry one, which will make him feel better about his inheritance. It is seen as being extremely rude inviting himself, but he assumes it will be acceptable. He writes a brief and formal letter in a pompous tone to reinforce gossip. He uses words such as: honoured, pleased and grateful to grovel and show his respect, especially towards Lady Catherine de Bourgh who he thinks the world of and boasts about knowing. He thinks he is really important by boasting about his position of the Church of England, he says, As a clergyman, moreover, I feel it my duty toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. This is an example of him flattering himself. He uses a good range of vocabulary to boast of his intellect. He is shown as being patronising towards the Bennets by saying and tha t the circumstance of my being next in the entail of Longbournà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He likes to remind them that he will inherit their home which will make the Bennets annoyed. His letter is rushed I know this from the way he wanders around the point and does not stay focussed. From this letter it reveals that Mr Collins is already being recognised as a buffoon. Mr Collins and Lydia have similar traits. In chapter 47 Lydia writes to her friend Harriet to inform her that she is planning to secretly disappear to Gretna Green and elope with Wickham. She writes to brag, to send her apologies to Pratt for not being able to dance with him and also to ask Sally to mend a great slit in her worked muslin gown. Lydias letter does not take the plot further or introduce any new storylines. It is a very short and informal letter that is disorganised. All of the information is at random; this is proof that it has been rushed. Lydia shows no respect for the reader, she says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦if you cannot guess who with, I shall think you a simpleton, She is also inconsiderate towards her family, she writes, You need not send them word at Longbourn of my going,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, for it will make the surprise the greater, when I write to them and sign my name Lydia Wickham. From writing this it shows Lydia to have no concern for possible consequ ences and that she is self-centred. She uses short sentences and a giddy tone, she writes, What a good joke it will be! She does not take anything seriously; everything is a big joke to her. She writes carelessly and with simple vocabulary which suggests her naivetà © and silliness. Lydias letter gets across her character as being selfish, immature, unsophisticated and definitely inconsiderate. One may think that sisters would share the same characteristics but Janes letters in chapter 46 proves that she is nothing like Lydia. Janes letters are to Elizabeth and are about Lydias unexpected elopement with Wickham to Gretna Green. Jane wrote these letters to Elizabeth to inform her of the event and to urge her to return home. Janes letters are long and detailed and are written in a more mature tone than Lydias. They are written in a formal manner. She is also informative and uses a variety of sentence lengths. She uses words such as imprudent and exigence which show her use of a more complex vocabulary. She also uses more complex sentences and a good use of commas and semi-colons for example, I am truly glad, dearest Lizzy, that you have been spared something of these distressing scenes; but now, as the first shock is over, shall I own that u long for your return? Even though she is very distressed and concerned she manages to stay pleasant towards Wickham, she says,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.I am willing to hope the best, and that his character has been misunderstood., and, My father and mother believe the worst, but I cannot think so ill of him. She is still kind even in thoughts. She uses a comforting tone towards Elizabeth because she knows that she will be distraught by the news, she writes, I am very, very sorry., and My dear Lizzyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ She is being sympathetic and a true sister! Jane uses abbreviations for places and names that she knows Lizzy will understand, these are, Mrs F. , W. and Colonel F. The letters reveal that Janes character is comforting, kind-hearted and considerate. I have learned that in Pride and Prejudice the letters are very useful because they move the plot along and introduce new storylines. They give secrecy between two characters and allow them to express their true feelings. The characters will find it much easier to reveal their thoughts more intimately in a letter then saying it in person. Most importantly they allow us to see what the letter reveals about the writers character and give us a better understanding for their actions and behaviour. By Alana Holmes

Organisational dialogue

First, this essay will explore the definitions of dialogue as well as organizational cultures and how these concepts related to each other. It is followed by a discussion on the ways that dialogue may have positive effects regarding the cultural aspects. The final section of this essay pays attention to the challenges of and solutions to implementing and promoting dialogue within an organization. There Is a variety of deflations of dialogue.The derivation of this word stems from the Greek roots dialogs which consists of did and logos. Did means through, and logos means the word, or more specifically, the meaning of the word' (Boom 1996, p. 6). Based on its origin, Boom (1996) defines dialogue as a combination of communication practices flowing through and among people, focused on discovering the essence and power of people thinking and how the group's culture is built through this process.Isaacs (1999) believes that dialogue Is, In particular, a flow of meaning, while Gerard and Elea nor (2001 ) define dialogue by contrasting It with discussion and conclude that dialogue is seeing the whole and connections between arts, learning through asking and answering, and creating shared meaning among group members. In further similarities, Gerard and Turfs (1995) assume that dialogue is concerned with the environment where belief and communication diversity are encouraged In terms of respects, honors and values, as well as awareness to raise the creation of shared meaning.The role of dialogue in relation to organizational culture is of thorough understanding through many deferent organizational culture definitions. In fact, we all commonly think that it is the way we do things around but through research of organizational behavior, Machines, Lessons & Traveling (2013) believe it ‘consists of values and assumptions shared within an organization' (p. 448). At the same time, for E. C. Martins and F. Turbulence (2003), the central Ingredient of culture Inside an organi zation is the subconscious shared values and beliefs.A powerful culture offers shared values that ensure everyone in the organization focus on the same goals and objectives (Robbins, 1996). Organization has its culture usually performs higher in the market. In a word, the key feature of building and transforming organizational ultra Is creating and maintaining shared values that seem to be the main purposes of outlining dialogue among members. Through practicing dialogue, collective communication is created, and organizational culture is transformed. These aspects include transformation of member behavior, the experiential feeling of community and people's attitudes.Firstly, in the comparison between dialogue and discussion of Gerard and Eleanor (2001), the main role of dialogue is to help people learn how to communicate with each other differently and produce collective understanding. While in discussion, people intend to keep their opinions and only the most powerful and influence d person might decide the results of the whole group, dialogue, in contrast, gives members a commitment to a common set of guidelines (Gerard and Turfs 1995). Participants try to minimize conflicts and bring all different points of view into a standard value.Therefore, the more often people practice dialogue, the more behavioral changing they have to integrate and sustain in community. Moreover, based on Bomb's research in 1996, Isaacs (1999) stated four principles of dialogue which include listening, respecting, suspending and voicing. Among these principles, listening skill plays an important role in changing behavior of a group. As a whole song could not be sensed and understood through a single note (Isaacs 1999), organizational cultures and objectives are not able to be established by a single idea.Hence, dialogue is a powerful tool to encourage people to listen thoroughly to others' ideas and engage in the conversation. Then, shared meanings, or the culture of the company is g radually transformed. Secondly, by setting up the conditions of community, dialogue transforms the feeling of the corporation culture (Gerard and Turfs 1995). When a new group starts to involve in the community, dialogue will generate an atmosphere having the ‘experiential feel' (Gerard and Turfs 1995, p. 148) of community.In an organizational scope, employees commence to sense what the company's culture would seem to be in full community based on its principles. Furthermore, for Sense (1995), dialogue is as a facilitator for team learning. He believes that team is the key feature to create shared values, and through the application of dialogue into team learning process, knowledge and feeling of the community cultures are transferred from one to others, ND individual's values as well as beliefs are positively transformed and integrated into the collective cultures.The final aspect that dialogue has the power to change the organizational culture is attitudinal transformation. As participants experience the effects of dialogue, the attitude level becomes as a ‘byproduct of the incorporation of new modes of behavior and learning the â€Å"feel† of what being in community is like' (Gerard and Turfs 1995, p. 148). Then, cooperative and collaborative attitudes start to replace the attitudes of inflexible individualism. This statement is conformable with the research f Scheme (1993) where he describes dialogue as talking around the campfire' (p. 391).During the past time, meetings were usually held around a campfire where people could simply share their opinion without any discussion or arguments. Through that, (Scheme 1993) and spend time listening to others' opinions before reflecting on their assumptions. Moreover, Isaacs (1999) also emphasized the main goal of the respecting principle of dialogue that is not to seek a decision, but to tolerate difference, gap and conflict. Therefore, the more people practice dialogue, the more hey have collect ive orientation by gradually changing their individualistic behavior, and then, the whole organizational culture is enhanced.Although dialogue has been proved to have a positive effect on organizational culture, people still face challenges in applying it into organization learning system. First, most organizations are generally a hierarchy and authorized structure which is contrary to the principles of dialogue (Boom, 1996), so employees tend to afraid of expressing their ideas or opinions to the people who are at higher level. In fact, in some top-down companies, managers have the right to create and change organizational culture as well as enforce rules and delegate duties to employees.Although it has its value, this structure might find it difficult to get dialogue going. Moreover, there are situations where people have different ideas and assumptions, and dialogue might become frustrated. If someone is not willing to listen to other's assumptions, it is considered as an act of violence (Boom, 1996) which may lead to an argument and no results could be concluded. And last but not least, in case of a cross-culture organization, dialogue becomes a more complicated and lengthy Scheme 1993) process due to the different cultural backgrounds of the employees.Then, it is necessary for companies to allocate more time and resources in designing dialogue process that may help employees communicate effectively, and the organizational culture is transformed on the right track. Despite all these challenges, dialogue still plays a significant role in transforming organizational culture if companies have methods and strategies to apply it appropriately. Sense (2006) gives a simple analysis about balancing dialogue and discussion within members of an organization. As ‘in a discussion, decisions are made.In a dialogue, complex issues are explored' (Sense 2006, p. 230), learning team must learn how to control movement back and forth between dialogue and discussion and distinguish between the ground rules and the goals to have both dialogue and constructive discussion. Communication audit is another approach to deal with the organizational practice of dialogue. For Harrier and Tourist (2004), communication audit is the key to creating a world-class communication system since the results of communicating performance among all staffs is accurately reported to the managers.This process is effective to solve problems both in top-down organization and cross-culture since it reveals communication strengths and weaknesses among employees at all levels as well as suggests solutions for improvement. In conclusion, dialogue has proved itself as an effective but challenging way of transforming organizational culture. Through behavioral, experiential and attitudinal transformation, corporation culture is positively changed as dialogue awareness of the collective assumptions, minimize arguments and by practicing dialogue, people learn how to accept the differ ences of others.

David Christian, This Fleeting World - 897 Words

David Christian, This Fleeting World : A Short History of Humanity. Great Barrington, MA; Berkshire Publishing, 2008; 120 pp. $14.95 (paperback) In This Fleeting World, David Christian delivers a wonderful thesis about world history starting with the â€Å"Big Bang† 13.7 billion years ago leading to the formation of this world, life, humans and their survival realm that leads into this present day. Christian deliberately describes three eras in order, comparing and contrasting attributes such as survival techniques, kinship/social skills, technology and architecture showing changes through time. The â€Å"Afro-Eurasian† continent is the starting point Christian uses to explain the expansion of humanity relating to the â€Å"Out of Africa† theory. Christian’s goal is to bring the importance of history into readers allowing them to understand the world they live in and the past that evolved till today (Christian xvii). This Fleeting World contains a different style of history (unlike history about a particular region or nation, such as the United States) where the time frame spans utterly from the â€Å"Big Bang† to the 21st century (Bain, Harris ix-x); this long history with numerous amounts of information was able to be put into this simple and compact book. It begins with a preface written not by Christian, but by Bob Bain and Lauren McArthur Harris. The purpose of these pages was to clarify how this book can be the ultimate resource to teachers. It can help them plan their world historyShow MoreRelatedEssay about This Fleeting World644 Words   |  3 PagesThis Fleeting World This Fleeting World takes about two hundred and fifty thousand years worth of history and compacts it into a one hundred and twenty page book. I believe Christian did a stellar job of doing so. Although short, it is very rich in knowledge about how our world came to be. His points are powerful and well put. This book definitely stands out in all the black and whiteness of history books. This fleeting world ties the start of humanity, to current life very efficiently. Read MoreThis Fleeting World Review Essay1007 Words   |  5 Pageshave had on this Earth has greatly affected the outcome of history. In an attempt to provide an overview of human history in his book This Fleeting World, David Christian introduces it in the context of the history of the universe and then systematically breaks it down into three distinct eras providing a logical framework that can be used in a more detailed study. His goal is to provide a â€Å"big picture† of world history and the interco nnections that exist among the peoples of this world. ChristianRead MoreHappiness : The Goal Of Life1624 Words   |  7 Pagesto the way someone lives their life and their own thoughts. 1. Happiness: The Goal of Life a. Introduction 2. Religions Perspective on Happiness a. Overview of Religions b. Christians, Islamic and Judaism c. Buddhism and Taoism 3. People Throughout History’s Thoughts on Happiness a. Overview of Peoples Perspectives b. Henry David Thoreau and Benjamin Franklin c. Thomas Jefferson and Aristotle 4. Personal Views on Happiness a. A goal to be accomplished b. Conclusion Happiness: The Goal of LifeRead MoreGlobalization : A Short History1720 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history much has evolved in the world we live in today. Nations that were once empowering and controlled many parts of the world today are seen less superior and most likely to keep peace and order rather than starting violence. In Jujen Osterhammel and Niels P. Petersson’s book Globalization: A Short History, they investigate what led to globalization. They discuss events in history starting from the 1800s to the cold war era and what events led to globalization. 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Let us in this essay look at all the features, both good and bad. of this ill-fated hero.    David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies describes many fine virtues which reside within the general:    Othello’s blackness, like that of the natives dwelling in heathen lands, could betoken to Elizabethan audiences an innocent proneness to accept Christianity, and Othello is one who has already embraced the Christian faith. His first appearance onstageRead More Comparing Hap by Thomas Hardy and The Second Coming by Yeats1410 Words   |  6 Pageshis collection of poems called Wessex Poems. This poem seems to typify the sense of alienation that he and other writers were experiencing at the time, as they saw their times as marked by accelerating social and technological change and by the burden of a worldwide empire (Longman p. 2165). The poem also reveals Hardys own abiding sense of a universe ruled by a blind or hostile fate, a world whose landscapes are etched with traces of the fleeting stories of their inhabitants (Longman p. 2254)Read MoreEssay about Othello: the General1690 Words   |  7 Pagesearly speeches, give way to the crude degradation of his later remarks. (123 ) David Bevington in William Shakespeare: Four Tragedies describes many fine virtues which reside within the general: Othello’s blackness, like that of the natives dwelling in heathen lands, could betoken to Elizabethan audiences an innocent proneness to accept Christianity, and Othello is one who has already embraced the Christian faith. His first appearance onstage, when he confronts a party of torch-bearing menRead More the arts in Italian Renaissance Essay1647 Words   |  7 Pagesknown artists started emulating them and the paintings now had a new and different dimension to them. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Also, there were other innovations in art. Nudity was more acceptable in sculpture and Donatello’s David and then Michelangelo’s David made a new and bolder statement. They looked up to Greeks and Romans for inspiration and technique. In painting, artists also experimented with nature and landscape. Before Renaissance, landscape was only used as a background andRead MoreWhat Is Worship And What It Is Not2235 Words   |  9 Pagesexactly is required of an individual who wishes to glorify his Creator and Redeemer? These are the questions that will be discussed in this paper. What is worship? It can be defined as many things from solitude and prayer with God; It may involve music to some, in an effort to draw one closer into the presence of the Almighty. The best definition of worship is this: it is an end unto itself; it is not a means unto something else. When we try to worship for the sake of certain benefits that may be

The Strengths And Weakness Of Democracy In The Contemporary

The Strengths and Weakness of Democracy in the Contemporary Era, And What Can Be Done About Such Weakness That Will Not Undermine Our Strengths. Melanie Davis Coker College March 18, 2017 The Strengths and Weakness of Democracy in the Contemporary Era, And What Can Be Done About Such Weakness That Will Not Undermine Our Strengths. A democracy is a form of government in which a nation is ruled by its people. This can be done through direct democracy, which is a more straight-forward way for citizens to make decisions. It can also be done through indirect democracy, which involves citizens electing officials to represent them. The origins of democracy began in Greece where direct democracy was practiced as tribes or†¦show more content†¦In this sense a system of equality is promoted by offering all citizens a chance to vote to make changes regarding certain issues that affect all of us. Another strength of an indirect democracy is the fact that it is a much safer option in which to govern a nation. One of the down sides to a direct democracy is that there is a chance for mob rule to take place. This was the initial reason why many of the citizens were opposed to the idea of a direct democracy in the forming of our nation. The Electoral College is an example of how an indirect democracy can work for those that are in the minority so that they may still have their votes heard. In the recent election we saw that even though Hilary Clinton won the popular vote, Donald Trump won the election through the Electoral College. Many people were upset with the results of the election and have even argued that the Electoral College should be done away with because it didn’t represent the choice of the majority of Americans. 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The Ability of Humans to Manipulate Dna Is a Mixed...

The ability of humans to manipulate DNA is a mixed blessing Genetically modified organisms are made moving the DNA from one species to another. DNA contains genes which code for proteins. For plants and bacteria; restriction enzymes are used to cut a DNA segment from a desired gene source and a bacterium plasmid. They are joined using ligase enzymes and inserted into the plant chromosome or host bacterium. For animals the recombinant DNA is injected into an embryo and transferred to a recipient mother. The organisms will now express a new protein. Proteins determine form and metabolism. Genetic engineering changes the natural DNA of living things, cutting across species boundaries. Transgene’s effects vary with position. The foreign†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Marker genes† used to see which cells took up the foreign DNA cause a problem with antibiotic resistance. These markers are usually antibiotic resistant so cells with no foreign DNA can be killed by antibiotic treatment. Virulent genes with the ability to penetrate immune systems will inevitably increase the frequency of horizontal gene transfers. Once genes can freely transfer between species, species start to lose their distinguishing characteristics. Reducing biodiversity and costing us undiscovered natural miracles. Research is ongoing in growing agricultural products directly in the laboratory. Food and fibre being are grown in tissue culture in giant bacteria baths much cheaper than the price of growing them on the land. The shift to indoor agriculture could herald the eventual end of the agricultural era. Millions of farmers in both the developing and developed worlds would be uprooted from the land. Conversely genetically engineered plants as chemical factories are slowly being released outside. Controversial genetic modifications are also being done on animals. A combination of genetic engineering and cloning is being used for the development of market animals modified for increased growth and reduced fat. GE animals are being developed as factories for the production of pharmaceuticals and as sources of organs for transplantation into humans. In order to overcome organ rejection problems pigs are beingShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesAcknowledgements xiii xvii xix xx Chapter 1 Introducing organization theory: what is it, and why does it matter? Introduction What is organization theory? Defining theory What are organizations? The relationship between organization theory and human activities The relationship between organization theory and management practice Social engineering and organization theory Critical alternatives to managerialism in organization theory Philosophical disputes and debates: explaining and understandingRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesbeen changing the fundamental dimensions of business strategy and the meaning of its implementation. These changes affect a broad range of decisions, including the following: ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  How to invest in technology How to lead meaningful human resources initiatives How to maintain alliances successfully What the speed of new product or service development should be What the appropriate time horizons for investments and financial planning are How to implement productive cost reduction HowRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesThis is a good time to be reading a book about project management. Business leaders and experts have proclaimed that project management is a strategic imperative. Project management provides people with a powerful set of tools that improves their ability to plan, implement, and manage activities to accomplish specific organizational objectives. But project management is more than just a set of tools; it is a results-oriented management style that places a premium on building collaborative relationships

No Exit An Existentialist Play by Jean-Paul Sartre Free Essays

string(126) " because of the way he treated his wife, and that he not only knows it, but realizes that he will have to be punished for it\." Jean-Paul Sartre portrays existentialism in his play, No Exit, through his three main characters: Inez, who was put in Hell for causing pain to the people who loved her, and is punished by loving someone who refuses to love her back, this in turn causes her pain; Garcin ,who was put in Hell partially for being unkind and unfaithful to his wife and partially for being a coward, is punished by Estelle’s love and his inability to escape cowardice; and lastly Estelle, who was put in Hell for her vanity must receive love where she doesn’t want it and not receive love where she does want it.Existentialism is: a part of moral thinking that is subjective to your individual experiences in the hostile universe and that humankind lacks faith and purpose in the world and that humans can do what they want, when they want, as long as they take responsibility for their actions. Inez Serrano describes herself as â€Å"what some people down there called ‘a damned bitch’â⠂¬  (pg. We will write a custom essay sample on No Exit: An Existentialist Play by Jean-Paul Sartre or any similar topic only for you Order Now 25). Out of No Exit’s three main characters Inez seems to be the one who embraces the fact that they are all in Hell the most.She openly acknowledges that she has done something wrong in her life and that she believes that Garcin and Estelle have also done something wrong. Shortly after meeting Estelle and Garcin Inez tells them, â€Å"Yes, we are criminals – murderers – all three of us. We’re in hell my pets: they never make mistakes, and people aren’t damned for nothing. † (pg. 16) She believes that they are all â€Å"damned souls† and now they have to â€Å"pay the reckoning†. Inez seems not only to embrace the fact that they are in Hell more fully than her two companions, but also to embrace existentialism more than they do. She tells them that â€Å"each of Piccione 2 us will act as torturer of the two others. † (pg. 17) Inez seems to realize that she has done something wrong and that she will have to take responsibility for her actions. During Inez’s lifetime she was cold and cruel. She sucked the living out of the people who loved her. Inez believes she is in Hell because she seduced her cousin’s wife. As a result her cousin died; whether it was an accident or he killed himself seems remotely unclear. When Inez had Florence (her cousin’s wife) all to herself she claims that she used to remind Florence everyday â€Å"we killed him between us. (pg, 26) Inez tells us that she was so cruel that she couldn’t live â€Å"without making people suffer†. (pg. 26) Inez compares herself to â€Å"a live coal in others’ hearts. † (pg. 26) She tells us that she â€Å"flamed away in [Florence’s] heart, till there was nothing but a cinder. One night she got up and turned on the gas while I was asleep. Then she crept back into bed. † (pg. 26) This is how Inez died. Inez says that she does not regret doing what she did, although she does seem to know that it is the reason she is in Hell. During her lifetime Inez caused pain to those who loved her; consequently she is now pained by the one she loves.In Hell Inez loves Estelle. Estelle, however, does not love Inez back. This in itself would be painful for Inez, but to make it even worse Estelle fawns over Garcin, begging him to love her. Inez is aware that Estelle is in love with Garcin. She tells him â€Å"You’ve taken her from me†, â€Å"even if I didn’t see her I’d feel it in my bones – that she was making every sound, every rustle of her dress, for your benefit, throwing you smiles you didn’t see†¦. Well, I won’t stand for that. I prefer to choose my hell; I prefer to look you in the eye and fight it out face to face. † (pg. 2-23) Inez, most likely, knows that she will never succeed in the fight for Estelle’s heart. She knows that Garcin and Estelle are here with her to cause her pain, but she chooses to fight anyway. While Inez is undeniably punished for her choices during her lifetime Piccione 3 in Hell she was also punished for them on Earth. It is said that every action has a reaction. Inez’s â€Å"action†, so to speak, was her cruelty towards Florence. The reaction in this scenario was that she caused Florence to kill not only herself, but also Inez. Inez died because of how she treated Florence, and now she is in Hell because of it.Joseph Garcin describes himself as a â€Å"well-beloved brute. † (pg. 25) Garcin, as he calls himself, doesn’t seem to comprehend death and Hell nearly as well as Inez. Nor does he understand existentialism as well as she does, although he does understand it to an extent. When Garcin first arrives in Hell he asks where things like his toothbrush and toiletries are. This proves that he does not fully grasp the concept of actually being dead and being in Hell. He attempts to play it off, deny that they should be each other’s torturers. He attempts to portray himself as a hero. However once Garcin realizes that he is in Hell and can’t escape it he seems to know why. He also seems to realize, eventually, that they will inevitably be the others’ torturers. He says, â€Å"We’re chasing after each other, round and round in a vicious circle. †(pg. Garcin tells us that he is in hell because he â€Å"treated his wife abominably. † (pg. 24) However, I believe that this is not the only reason Garcin is in Hell. I think that his cowardice and the fact that he could never overcome it also put him in Hell. He would never admit it, but could also never escape it. Garcin, like Inez, tells us that â€Å"I don’t regret anything. (pg. 24) He continues to go on and say, â€Å"I must pay the price†. (pg. 24) From this quote we can assume that Garcin has come to accept that he is in Hell because of the way he treated his wife, and that he not only knows it, but realizes that he will have to be punished for it. You read "No Exit: An Existentialist Play by Jean-Paul Sartre" in category "Papers" But he never does admit to his cowardice. He tells us that he was a coward. This haunts him. He had given himself an ultimatum during his life time: face death with courage, and he would be no coward, or face Piccione 4 death miserably and he would always feel like a coward. Now even with death he can’t escape this.It shouldn’t matter that he didn’t face his death courageously because there is nothing he can do to change that now, but it still bothers him to no end. Garcin is punished for each of his wrong doings. Firstly he is punished for treating his wife badly by her never crying. As much as he thought she should cry and she should scream she never did. This frustrated Garcin. He hated her big, sad, accusing eyes that never shed a tear. Even in death he sees her and immediately is annoyed by those eyes. In Hell he is also punished for his unfaithfulness. He no longer needs to cheat on his wife for the sake of hurting her, she wouldn’t ever know. Now that he has no motivation to be with another woman he has another woman, Estelle, throwing herself at him. Garcin is also punished for his cowardice. Since he could never accept that he was a coward, nor could he ever truly deny that he was a coward, for he knew he was, but wished he wasn’t, he must now he needs someone to tell him he is not a coward. Estelle wants to tell Garcin what he wants to hear, but Inez is there, in the background, telling Garcin that she doesn’t care if he is a coward and that she is just telling him what he wants to hear without really meaning it.Estelle admits to him that she doesn’t care if he is a coward or not and he can’t bear it. He tries to leave, but when the door opens he realizes he won’t leave. Garcin wishes to convince Inez that he is not a coward, and will stay until he can do so. The day Garcin convinces Inez he is not a coward will be the day Garcin convinces himself he is not a coward, but that day will never come. The last of the three characters is Estelle. Estelle is a high society lady from Paris. She doesn’t grasp that she is in Hell, nor does she grasp what it means.When Estelle first arrives in Hell she seems to think it’s just like any other hotel she’s been to, telling the valet she will call Piccione 5 him when she needs him, not realizing that she is being punished and no one will be trying to make her comfortable and happy. Estelle does not seem to grasp existentialism. She does not seem to be willing to admit that she has done something wrong in her life. When she first sees Garcin she believes that he is someone else who she knew during her lifetime. We later find out that she thought he was her lover.She believes that he will have no face, and that he was playing â€Å"a rather nasty trick† on her. When Estelle is asked what she did wrong, and why she is in Hell she completely denies knowing why. Estelle later reveals that she had a lover, the man who she expected Garcin was, and that they had a child together. She tells us that she didn’t want the child and once it was born she killed it. Her lover on the other hand did want the child. Once the child was dead and they had parted their ways her lover killed himself. Although Estelle does not admit to feeling guilty or remorse about this she does. Estelle is also vain.She married for money, and seems to disregard those who don’t have the wealth or status that she did. She needs to look good and for everything around her to cater to her. Estelle is punished vanity. Because Estelle is vain it bothers her that the furniture does not match her outfit. Estelle also can’t stand not knowing how she looks. She needs a mirror, therefore there are none, to touch up her make up and make her feel beautiful; even to know that she exists. Estelle is also punished for not accepting love. Because Estelle was vain she couldn’t bear the thought of having a child and ruining her life and her image.Having a child with a man that wasn’t her husband would undoubtedly make her look bad. It is said that a mother loves its child unconditionally, and that child will love its mother back. You don’t choose to love your parents; you just do for the sole reason that they are your parents. When Estelle killed her baby Piccione 6 she was denying herself the love of the one person who would truly love her no matter what. Now that she is in Hell she is punished by having one person there who truly loves her, and sees no wrong in her. This person is Inez. Consequently Estelle will never love Inez.She doesn’t approve of her because she was a post office clerk and not a high society person. Also Estelle will never love Inez because she believes she needs a man to complete her. On the contrary Inez is homosexual. When Estelle killed her baby her lover ended up killing himself. She returned to Paris and cut him out of her life. He couldn’t take it anymore and brought death upon himself. Since Estelle didn’t value a man’s love during her lifetime she now loves a man who doesn’t love her back. Garcin doesn’t really want anything to do with Estelle; however, he eventually gives in.But this does not mean that Garcin loves Estelle; he merely gives in to temptation and his cowardliness, not knowing what else to do. Garcin will never truly love Estelle, yet Estelle wishes and begs him to love her. Satre’s portrayal of existentialism in his play No Exit calls attention to the part of existentialism that concerns moral thinking and dealing with the consequences of your actions. Estelle, Inez, and Garcin have all done something that they think is morally incorrect in their lives and because of this they must all face the punishment for it. How to cite No Exit: An Existentialist Play by Jean-Paul Sartre, Papers

Community Service

Questions: Stella is a 32-year-old Aboriginal woman who due to mental health issues, lost custody of her three children three years ago. She is now on medication, and her condition has stabilised. She is seeking to have her children re-instated. In the meantime, you have been supporting her to make positive changes in her life situation, including finding suitable accommodation for herself and her children, and securing long-term employment. Then her partner (the father of her children), is released after five years in prison. This is very traumatic for Stella, as he was physically and emotionally abusive to her and her children, and she fears what will happen if he tries to return. She also fears that his presence will have an impact on her regaining custody of her children.In recent weeks you have noticed that her behaviour is not as stable as it has been, and that your focus has shifted from maintenance to crisis. Provide 4 questions you would ask Stella to assess her current situation.Explain why you would ask each of these questions. Answers: 1. Questions asked to Stella for assessing her current situation Stella is a 32-year-old aboriginal woman who lost her children due to mental health issues and now after she recovered her illness, wants to take her three childrens custodies. Stellas partner is released after five years in prison. Thus, Stella is feared about the fact that if her partner interferes with her decision and tries to return to them. In this context, for assessing Stellas current situation, below 4 questions would be asked. a. Do you think you are able to take care your children? This is the basic question for which the assessment is done. This question would help to assess the self confidence and perception of Stella about her current situation (Kneisl and Trigoboff 2012). Based on the answer of this question, the level of motivation and support required by Stella would be determined. a. What are the constrains do you think you would have while taking custody of your children? This is one of the most vital questions which could be asked to Stella. It would help to understand the background of Stella from which she might have some risk in future. From the answers of this question the care providers would be able to make a risk management plan for her (Townsend 2014). b. What are the reasons behind a negative relationship with your partner and why do you that your partner would have a negative impact on your children? From the case scenario, it has been revealed that her partner was in prison and Stella was afraid of his release from prison. Thus, it is necessary to know if there was any past history of negative incidence within Stella and his husband for which Stella do not want to keep her children in his touch (Dossey et al. 2012). c. Do you know about the community services from which you seek help to support your current situation? To support Stellas current situation, there are a number of community services. Thus, it is necessary to assess whether she is aware of these services of not, because, based on her knowledge her case management plan would be prepared Esther Thatcher (MSN and Eunhee Park BSN 2012). 2. Goals set for current crisis Based on the current status of Stella, her care providers should set some goals for managing the crisis Enhancing Stellas confidence through person-centered counseling Ensuring her and her childrens safety and social well being Ensuring her entire recovery of mental illness Ensuring her financial stability and finding a suitable accommodation for her family Ensuring Stellas partners well being The local community services would assist Stella to manage the crisis situation. The local stakeholders who assist women from domestic violence include: Penrith Women'sHealth Centre The organization gives both medical as well as complementary health care to women, especially who are the victims of domestic abuse. All the services are provided in low cost (Anderson and St Hilaire 2012). The counseling service is provided here which is an important aspect for Stella. Thus, this service would be suitable for her. Local police Local police service would be helpful for Stella to get back her childrens custody and to reduce the chance of domestic violence from her partner upon her children. Aboriginal legal services As Stella has a root from Aboriginal community, the Aboriginal legal services would be helpful for her. It is a community-run organization in NSW, Australia which gives free legal services to the aboriginal people. It is important for Stella because, it will help her to get back her childrens custody and to avoid her partners involvement in her family. NSW Department of Community Services This service would help Stella to engage with the community with a healthy mental condition. The community service would assist her to get financial support and engage with long term employment. 3. Six Step Model for Crisis respond According to the six step model for crisis respond, while planning a case management plan for women like Stella, the possible alternatives should be examined. There are three possible alternatives for Stella, a) supporting Stella to assess her situational resources or her family members to take care of her. It would promote seeking help from police and community support centers discussed earlier. Here, Stellas partner could be assessed and can be asked about his problem. An attempt to make their family could be taken by the social support organization. b) Helping Stella to identify the coping mechanisms, behaviors and the environmental resources, which could be used to go through the present situation and the third alternative is c) assisting her to assess her thinking patterns to alter her perception about the problem, thereby decreasing the anxiety level (Gavin et al. 2014). Here, the person-centered counseling would be applicable where Stella would be assisted to reduce her fear. She would be assured that all the physical and financial resources would be provided to her to cope with this situation. Reference List Anderson, D.R. and St Hilaire, D., 2012. Primary care nursing role and care coordination: An observational study of nursing work in a community health center.Online journal of issues in nursing,17(2), p.E1. Dossey, B.M., Certificate, C.D.I.N.C., Keegan, L. and Co-Director International Nurse Coach Association, 2012.Holistic nursing. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Esther Thatcher MSN, R.N. and Eunhee Park BSN, R.N., 2012. Evolving public health nursing roles: focus on community participatory health promotion and prevention.Online journal of issues in nursing,17(2), p.B1.