The Ability of Humans to Manipulate Dna Is a Mixed...

The ability of humans to manipulate DNA is a mixed blessing Genetically modified organisms are made moving the DNA from one species to another. DNA contains genes which code for proteins. For plants and bacteria; restriction enzymes are used to cut a DNA segment from a desired gene source and a bacterium plasmid. They are joined using ligase enzymes and inserted into the plant chromosome or host bacterium. For animals the recombinant DNA is injected into an embryo and transferred to a recipient mother. The organisms will now express a new protein. Proteins determine form and metabolism. Genetic engineering changes the natural DNA of living things, cutting across species boundaries. Transgene’s effects vary with position. The foreign†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Marker genes† used to see which cells took up the foreign DNA cause a problem with antibiotic resistance. These markers are usually antibiotic resistant so cells with no foreign DNA can be killed by antibiotic treatment. Virulent genes with the ability to penetrate immune systems will inevitably increase the frequency of horizontal gene transfers. Once genes can freely transfer between species, species start to lose their distinguishing characteristics. Reducing biodiversity and costing us undiscovered natural miracles. Research is ongoing in growing agricultural products directly in the laboratory. Food and fibre being are grown in tissue culture in giant bacteria baths much cheaper than the price of growing them on the land. The shift to indoor agriculture could herald the eventual end of the agricultural era. Millions of farmers in both the developing and developed worlds would be uprooted from the land. Conversely genetically engineered plants as chemical factories are slowly being released outside. Controversial genetic modifications are also being done on animals. A combination of genetic engineering and cloning is being used for the development of market animals modified for increased growth and reduced fat. GE animals are being developed as factories for the production of pharmaceuticals and as sources of organs for transplantation into humans. In order to overcome organ rejection problems pigs are beingShow MoreRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesAcknowledgements xiii xvii xix xx Chapter 1 Introducing organization theory: what is it, and why does it matter? Introduction What is organization theory? Defining theory What are organizations? The relationship between organization theory and human activities The relationship between organization theory and management practice Social engineering and organization theory Critical alternatives to managerialism in organization theory Philosophical disputes and debates: explaining and understandingRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesbeen changing the fundamental dimensions of business strategy and the meaning of its implementation. These changes affect a broad range of decisions, including the following: ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  How to invest in technology How to lead meaningful human resources initiatives How to maintain alliances successfully What the speed of new product or service development should be What the appropriate time horizons for investments and financial planning are How to implement productive cost reduction HowRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesThis is a good time to be reading a book about project management. Business leaders and experts have proclaimed that project management is a strategic imperative. Project management provides people with a powerful set of tools that improves their ability to plan, implement, and manage activities to accomplish specific organizational objectives. But project management is more than just a set of tools; it is a results-oriented management style that places a premium on building collaborative relationships

No Exit An Existentialist Play by Jean-Paul Sartre Free Essays

string(126) " because of the way he treated his wife, and that he not only knows it, but realizes that he will have to be punished for it\." Jean-Paul Sartre portrays existentialism in his play, No Exit, through his three main characters: Inez, who was put in Hell for causing pain to the people who loved her, and is punished by loving someone who refuses to love her back, this in turn causes her pain; Garcin ,who was put in Hell partially for being unkind and unfaithful to his wife and partially for being a coward, is punished by Estelle’s love and his inability to escape cowardice; and lastly Estelle, who was put in Hell for her vanity must receive love where she doesn’t want it and not receive love where she does want it.Existentialism is: a part of moral thinking that is subjective to your individual experiences in the hostile universe and that humankind lacks faith and purpose in the world and that humans can do what they want, when they want, as long as they take responsibility for their actions. Inez Serrano describes herself as â€Å"what some people down there called ‘a damned bitch’â⠂¬  (pg. We will write a custom essay sample on No Exit: An Existentialist Play by Jean-Paul Sartre or any similar topic only for you Order Now 25). Out of No Exit’s three main characters Inez seems to be the one who embraces the fact that they are all in Hell the most.She openly acknowledges that she has done something wrong in her life and that she believes that Garcin and Estelle have also done something wrong. Shortly after meeting Estelle and Garcin Inez tells them, â€Å"Yes, we are criminals – murderers – all three of us. We’re in hell my pets: they never make mistakes, and people aren’t damned for nothing. † (pg. 16) She believes that they are all â€Å"damned souls† and now they have to â€Å"pay the reckoning†. Inez seems not only to embrace the fact that they are in Hell more fully than her two companions, but also to embrace existentialism more than they do. She tells them that â€Å"each of Piccione 2 us will act as torturer of the two others. † (pg. 17) Inez seems to realize that she has done something wrong and that she will have to take responsibility for her actions. During Inez’s lifetime she was cold and cruel. She sucked the living out of the people who loved her. Inez believes she is in Hell because she seduced her cousin’s wife. As a result her cousin died; whether it was an accident or he killed himself seems remotely unclear. When Inez had Florence (her cousin’s wife) all to herself she claims that she used to remind Florence everyday â€Å"we killed him between us. (pg, 26) Inez tells us that she was so cruel that she couldn’t live â€Å"without making people suffer†. (pg. 26) Inez compares herself to â€Å"a live coal in others’ hearts. † (pg. 26) She tells us that she â€Å"flamed away in [Florence’s] heart, till there was nothing but a cinder. One night she got up and turned on the gas while I was asleep. Then she crept back into bed. † (pg. 26) This is how Inez died. Inez says that she does not regret doing what she did, although she does seem to know that it is the reason she is in Hell. During her lifetime Inez caused pain to those who loved her; consequently she is now pained by the one she loves.In Hell Inez loves Estelle. Estelle, however, does not love Inez back. This in itself would be painful for Inez, but to make it even worse Estelle fawns over Garcin, begging him to love her. Inez is aware that Estelle is in love with Garcin. She tells him â€Å"You’ve taken her from me†, â€Å"even if I didn’t see her I’d feel it in my bones – that she was making every sound, every rustle of her dress, for your benefit, throwing you smiles you didn’t see†¦. Well, I won’t stand for that. I prefer to choose my hell; I prefer to look you in the eye and fight it out face to face. † (pg. 2-23) Inez, most likely, knows that she will never succeed in the fight for Estelle’s heart. She knows that Garcin and Estelle are here with her to cause her pain, but she chooses to fight anyway. While Inez is undeniably punished for her choices during her lifetime Piccione 3 in Hell she was also punished for them on Earth. It is said that every action has a reaction. Inez’s â€Å"action†, so to speak, was her cruelty towards Florence. The reaction in this scenario was that she caused Florence to kill not only herself, but also Inez. Inez died because of how she treated Florence, and now she is in Hell because of it.Joseph Garcin describes himself as a â€Å"well-beloved brute. † (pg. 25) Garcin, as he calls himself, doesn’t seem to comprehend death and Hell nearly as well as Inez. Nor does he understand existentialism as well as she does, although he does understand it to an extent. When Garcin first arrives in Hell he asks where things like his toothbrush and toiletries are. This proves that he does not fully grasp the concept of actually being dead and being in Hell. He attempts to play it off, deny that they should be each other’s torturers. He attempts to portray himself as a hero. However once Garcin realizes that he is in Hell and can’t escape it he seems to know why. He also seems to realize, eventually, that they will inevitably be the others’ torturers. He says, â€Å"We’re chasing after each other, round and round in a vicious circle. †(pg. Garcin tells us that he is in hell because he â€Å"treated his wife abominably. † (pg. 24) However, I believe that this is not the only reason Garcin is in Hell. I think that his cowardice and the fact that he could never overcome it also put him in Hell. He would never admit it, but could also never escape it. Garcin, like Inez, tells us that â€Å"I don’t regret anything. (pg. 24) He continues to go on and say, â€Å"I must pay the price†. (pg. 24) From this quote we can assume that Garcin has come to accept that he is in Hell because of the way he treated his wife, and that he not only knows it, but realizes that he will have to be punished for it. You read "No Exit: An Existentialist Play by Jean-Paul Sartre" in category "Papers" But he never does admit to his cowardice. He tells us that he was a coward. This haunts him. He had given himself an ultimatum during his life time: face death with courage, and he would be no coward, or face Piccione 4 death miserably and he would always feel like a coward. Now even with death he can’t escape this.It shouldn’t matter that he didn’t face his death courageously because there is nothing he can do to change that now, but it still bothers him to no end. Garcin is punished for each of his wrong doings. Firstly he is punished for treating his wife badly by her never crying. As much as he thought she should cry and she should scream she never did. This frustrated Garcin. He hated her big, sad, accusing eyes that never shed a tear. Even in death he sees her and immediately is annoyed by those eyes. In Hell he is also punished for his unfaithfulness. He no longer needs to cheat on his wife for the sake of hurting her, she wouldn’t ever know. Now that he has no motivation to be with another woman he has another woman, Estelle, throwing herself at him. Garcin is also punished for his cowardice. Since he could never accept that he was a coward, nor could he ever truly deny that he was a coward, for he knew he was, but wished he wasn’t, he must now he needs someone to tell him he is not a coward. Estelle wants to tell Garcin what he wants to hear, but Inez is there, in the background, telling Garcin that she doesn’t care if he is a coward and that she is just telling him what he wants to hear without really meaning it.Estelle admits to him that she doesn’t care if he is a coward or not and he can’t bear it. He tries to leave, but when the door opens he realizes he won’t leave. Garcin wishes to convince Inez that he is not a coward, and will stay until he can do so. The day Garcin convinces Inez he is not a coward will be the day Garcin convinces himself he is not a coward, but that day will never come. The last of the three characters is Estelle. Estelle is a high society lady from Paris. She doesn’t grasp that she is in Hell, nor does she grasp what it means.When Estelle first arrives in Hell she seems to think it’s just like any other hotel she’s been to, telling the valet she will call Piccione 5 him when she needs him, not realizing that she is being punished and no one will be trying to make her comfortable and happy. Estelle does not seem to grasp existentialism. She does not seem to be willing to admit that she has done something wrong in her life. When she first sees Garcin she believes that he is someone else who she knew during her lifetime. We later find out that she thought he was her lover.She believes that he will have no face, and that he was playing â€Å"a rather nasty trick† on her. When Estelle is asked what she did wrong, and why she is in Hell she completely denies knowing why. Estelle later reveals that she had a lover, the man who she expected Garcin was, and that they had a child together. She tells us that she didn’t want the child and once it was born she killed it. Her lover on the other hand did want the child. Once the child was dead and they had parted their ways her lover killed himself. Although Estelle does not admit to feeling guilty or remorse about this she does. Estelle is also vain.She married for money, and seems to disregard those who don’t have the wealth or status that she did. She needs to look good and for everything around her to cater to her. Estelle is punished vanity. Because Estelle is vain it bothers her that the furniture does not match her outfit. Estelle also can’t stand not knowing how she looks. She needs a mirror, therefore there are none, to touch up her make up and make her feel beautiful; even to know that she exists. Estelle is also punished for not accepting love. Because Estelle was vain she couldn’t bear the thought of having a child and ruining her life and her image.Having a child with a man that wasn’t her husband would undoubtedly make her look bad. It is said that a mother loves its child unconditionally, and that child will love its mother back. You don’t choose to love your parents; you just do for the sole reason that they are your parents. When Estelle killed her baby Piccione 6 she was denying herself the love of the one person who would truly love her no matter what. Now that she is in Hell she is punished by having one person there who truly loves her, and sees no wrong in her. This person is Inez. Consequently Estelle will never love Inez.She doesn’t approve of her because she was a post office clerk and not a high society person. Also Estelle will never love Inez because she believes she needs a man to complete her. On the contrary Inez is homosexual. When Estelle killed her baby her lover ended up killing himself. She returned to Paris and cut him out of her life. He couldn’t take it anymore and brought death upon himself. Since Estelle didn’t value a man’s love during her lifetime she now loves a man who doesn’t love her back. Garcin doesn’t really want anything to do with Estelle; however, he eventually gives in.But this does not mean that Garcin loves Estelle; he merely gives in to temptation and his cowardliness, not knowing what else to do. Garcin will never truly love Estelle, yet Estelle wishes and begs him to love her. Satre’s portrayal of existentialism in his play No Exit calls attention to the part of existentialism that concerns moral thinking and dealing with the consequences of your actions. Estelle, Inez, and Garcin have all done something that they think is morally incorrect in their lives and because of this they must all face the punishment for it. How to cite No Exit: An Existentialist Play by Jean-Paul Sartre, Papers

Community Service

Questions: Stella is a 32-year-old Aboriginal woman who due to mental health issues, lost custody of her three children three years ago. She is now on medication, and her condition has stabilised. She is seeking to have her children re-instated. In the meantime, you have been supporting her to make positive changes in her life situation, including finding suitable accommodation for herself and her children, and securing long-term employment. Then her partner (the father of her children), is released after five years in prison. This is very traumatic for Stella, as he was physically and emotionally abusive to her and her children, and she fears what will happen if he tries to return. She also fears that his presence will have an impact on her regaining custody of her children.In recent weeks you have noticed that her behaviour is not as stable as it has been, and that your focus has shifted from maintenance to crisis. Provide 4 questions you would ask Stella to assess her current situation.Explain why you would ask each of these questions. Answers: 1. Questions asked to Stella for assessing her current situation Stella is a 32-year-old aboriginal woman who lost her children due to mental health issues and now after she recovered her illness, wants to take her three childrens custodies. Stellas partner is released after five years in prison. Thus, Stella is feared about the fact that if her partner interferes with her decision and tries to return to them. In this context, for assessing Stellas current situation, below 4 questions would be asked. a. Do you think you are able to take care your children? This is the basic question for which the assessment is done. This question would help to assess the self confidence and perception of Stella about her current situation (Kneisl and Trigoboff 2012). Based on the answer of this question, the level of motivation and support required by Stella would be determined. a. What are the constrains do you think you would have while taking custody of your children? This is one of the most vital questions which could be asked to Stella. It would help to understand the background of Stella from which she might have some risk in future. From the answers of this question the care providers would be able to make a risk management plan for her (Townsend 2014). b. What are the reasons behind a negative relationship with your partner and why do you that your partner would have a negative impact on your children? From the case scenario, it has been revealed that her partner was in prison and Stella was afraid of his release from prison. Thus, it is necessary to know if there was any past history of negative incidence within Stella and his husband for which Stella do not want to keep her children in his touch (Dossey et al. 2012). c. Do you know about the community services from which you seek help to support your current situation? To support Stellas current situation, there are a number of community services. Thus, it is necessary to assess whether she is aware of these services of not, because, based on her knowledge her case management plan would be prepared Esther Thatcher (MSN and Eunhee Park BSN 2012). 2. Goals set for current crisis Based on the current status of Stella, her care providers should set some goals for managing the crisis Enhancing Stellas confidence through person-centered counseling Ensuring her and her childrens safety and social well being Ensuring her entire recovery of mental illness Ensuring her financial stability and finding a suitable accommodation for her family Ensuring Stellas partners well being The local community services would assist Stella to manage the crisis situation. The local stakeholders who assist women from domestic violence include: Penrith Women'sHealth Centre The organization gives both medical as well as complementary health care to women, especially who are the victims of domestic abuse. All the services are provided in low cost (Anderson and St Hilaire 2012). The counseling service is provided here which is an important aspect for Stella. Thus, this service would be suitable for her. Local police Local police service would be helpful for Stella to get back her childrens custody and to reduce the chance of domestic violence from her partner upon her children. Aboriginal legal services As Stella has a root from Aboriginal community, the Aboriginal legal services would be helpful for her. It is a community-run organization in NSW, Australia which gives free legal services to the aboriginal people. It is important for Stella because, it will help her to get back her childrens custody and to avoid her partners involvement in her family. NSW Department of Community Services This service would help Stella to engage with the community with a healthy mental condition. The community service would assist her to get financial support and engage with long term employment. 3. Six Step Model for Crisis respond According to the six step model for crisis respond, while planning a case management plan for women like Stella, the possible alternatives should be examined. There are three possible alternatives for Stella, a) supporting Stella to assess her situational resources or her family members to take care of her. It would promote seeking help from police and community support centers discussed earlier. Here, Stellas partner could be assessed and can be asked about his problem. An attempt to make their family could be taken by the social support organization. b) Helping Stella to identify the coping mechanisms, behaviors and the environmental resources, which could be used to go through the present situation and the third alternative is c) assisting her to assess her thinking patterns to alter her perception about the problem, thereby decreasing the anxiety level (Gavin et al. 2014). Here, the person-centered counseling would be applicable where Stella would be assisted to reduce her fear. She would be assured that all the physical and financial resources would be provided to her to cope with this situation. Reference List Anderson, D.R. and St Hilaire, D., 2012. Primary care nursing role and care coordination: An observational study of nursing work in a community health center.Online journal of issues in nursing,17(2), p.E1. Dossey, B.M., Certificate, C.D.I.N.C., Keegan, L. and Co-Director International Nurse Coach Association, 2012.Holistic nursing. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Esther Thatcher MSN, R.N. and Eunhee Park BSN, R.N., 2012. Evolving public health nursing roles: focus on community participatory health promotion and prevention.Online journal of issues in nursing,17(2), p.B1.

Obasan Essays - Japanese Canadian Internment, Obasan, Joy Kogawa

Obasan I decided to read the novel by Joy Kogawa entitled Obasan. The novel was written in 1981 and told the details of how the Japanese were discriminated against during World War 2. The author's main purpose was to educated the reader on how hard life really was for her family and other Japanese Canadians living in British Columbia, and especially in Vancouver. Joy Kogawa tried to show how ignorant British Columbians really were, and that we still do not fully understand what really happened during the war. She also tries to teach Canadians the culture of the Japanese. The novel starts in the seventies with Naomi a teacher in Northern Alberta finding out that her uncle has died. When Naomi returns home to console her Aunt Obasan, she begins to relive the difficulties of her life. She recounts the struggle against the government and themselves while trying to stay in Vancouver. Naomi is very small at the time of the war and did not really fully understand what was happening to her race. The novel recounts the struggle of Naomi's Aunt Emily to ensure that her family would be together in whatever place they were sent to. Aunt Emily wanted to head east to Toronto, but was unable to get the documentation for the entire family which included her sister children, who she was taking care of. The novel discuses the camps that the Japanese families were sent to in Hastings Park during the war. It described the treatment the families received while there, including the lack of food and the smell of manure. Naomi during this time was being sexually molested by her next door neighbor and did not tell anybody about this. Naomi seems resentful during the novel, as she comes across as a quiet little girl, who does not seem to interact with many people. Aunt Emily finally finds a place in Slocan for the family to go live, but just before they leave finds out her and her immediate family could go to Toronto. This leaves Aunt Emily going to Toronto and everybody else moving to Toronto. In the end almost everybody ends up dying. The novel had many strengths and weaknesses. One strength that really got to me is the great detail in how the Japanese were treated, though they were Canadian citizens. Obasan also taught me a lot about the Japanese culture and background. I enjoyed learning that it was custom to take a bath with your family when you were younger. I also learned that the government took away the vehicles of the Japanese and auctioned them off, which really shocked me. Joy Kogawa also brought in a good insight about what the Japanese Canadians were really feeling and going through during these tough times. On the flip side there were also many weaknesses in the book Obasan. One major weakness was the failure to distinguish between present time and the past. There were to many times that I did not realize that Naomi had switched into a flashback or vice versa. This left me rereading many pages over. I also did not like the way that the novel would drag on. It sometimes failed to have much to do with the rest of the story, and is to wordy. I believe the story could have been told in about one hundred and eighty pages instead of the two hundred and fifty pages. I think that the novel could have also gone into a little more detail about the living conditions at Hastings Park, and also a political aspect of why this was happening to these people. All and all I would have to say this novel helped me a lot in understanding what happened during the Second World War. Before reading this novel, I would have to admit that I really did not even know this happened in Canada, which is really sad. I did know though that the Japanese in the United States were sent from the west coast, but did not realize that it reached the west coast of Canada. Obasan is a very good novel for anybody who did not know what happened during the Second World War. I would

60 Synonyms for Trip

60 Synonyms for Trip 60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip† 60 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip† By Mark Nichol Going somewhere? Consider being a bit more specific about what type of experience you’re going to experience: 1. Adventure: a trip involving some risk 2. Boat trip: see cruise 3. Business trip: a trip to another location for the purpose of conducting business 4. Campaign: a trip involving stopping at more than one destination to achieve a larger goal; originally, referred to a military enterprise of this nature 5. Circuit: a trip undertaken regularly as part of an official schedule 6. Commutation: see commuting 7. Commute: a regular trip taken back and forth, especially from home to work and back 8. Crossing: a trip, generally over a large body of water or through challenging terrain 9. Cruise: a trip conducted on a vessel on one or more bodies of water 10. Drive: a trip taken in a motor vehicle, often for the purpose of enjoying scenery and/or traveling to a place for enjoyment 11. Entrada: see expedition 12. Errand: a usually short trip to conduct business for oneself or another; earlier, meant a diplomatic mission 13. Excursion: a short trip taken for pleasure; also can mean a deviation from a planned or expected course; see also expedition 14. Expedition: a trip conducted for a specific reason, such as exploration or scientific discovery or to achieve a military objective; also, a jocular way to refer to a meticulously planned personal, family, or group trip (can also refer to those undertaking the trip, and, as the noun form of expedite, means â€Å"speed†) 15. Field trip: an officially organized trip undertaken by students or a group for educational purposes 16. Flight: a trip undertaken by air 17. Foray: a trip, perhaps one taken outside expected parameters; also, an attack or invasion 18. Grand tour: an extended trip often for educational purposes; also, a traditional extended trip around Europe as part of a British gentleman’s education and personal development 19. Hajj: a required trip to Mecca undertaken by Moslems (see pilgrimage); also, generically refers to a secular trip 20. Hike: a walk, often in the wilderness or an area set aside for outdoor activities, taken for enjoyment and/or exercise 21. Hop: a short trip, especially by air 22. Jaunt: a pleasure trip; originally referred to an exhausting trip 23. Journey: a trip; originally referred to a day’s travel (ultimately from the Latin term diurnus, â€Å"day†) 24. Junket: an official trip made at someone else’s expense, often with limited justification 25. Long haul: an extended trip 26. Migration: a trip to another location, either to settle or, for animals, to avoid a period of adverse weather conditions 27. Mission: a trip undertaken for a strategic objective 28. Odyssey: a long, arduous trip involving perils and/or resulting in enlightenment 29. Outing: a short pleasure trip, especially to enjoy the outdoors; also an athletic performance or event, an appearance or performance by a writer or performing arts, or the identification by others of a public figure who had been concealing their homosexuality 30. Overnight: a trip involving participants staying at the destination until the next day 31. Passage: a trip usually by air or sea; also, accommodations during such a trip 32. Perambulation: a trip on foot 33. Peregrination: a trip, generally on foot 34. Pleasure trip: a trip taken for enjoyment rather than for a practical purpose 35. Pilgrimage: a journey to a sacred place or to a location that has significant personal meaning 36. Procession: a trip, often involving multiple travelers and complicated preparations, often of an official or ceremonial nature 37. Progress: see circuit, expedition, and procession 38. Quest: a trip with the objective of finding something or making a significant literal or figurative discovery 39. Ramble: an aimless or loosely organized trip 40. Ride: see drive; also, a similar trip on another type of vehicle or mounted on an animal 41. Road trip: a self-organized trip involving extensive travel in a motor vehicle 42. Round trip: a trip that culminates in a return to the starting point 43. Safari: from a Swahili word for â€Å"journey,† taken from Arabic; connotes a hunting trip, especially in Africa, though in many present-day safaris, the shooting is done with cameras, not guns 44. Sail: a trip on a sailboat or sailing ship 45. Shlep: an arduous trip; also means â€Å"a loser,† and as a verb means â€Å"to carry or drag† 46. Slog: see shlep 47. Spin: see drive 48. Survey: a trip undertaken to observe phenomena and/or record data 49. Tour: a trip involving stops at multiple destinations, often organized by a company or organization for paying participants; see also â€Å"grand tour† 50. Tramp: a walking trip; also used in the phrase â€Å"tramp steamer† to denote a freelance cargo ship 51. Transit: see crossing 52. Travel: generally used in plural form to describe one’s experiences going on trips 53. Traverse: see crossing 54. Trek: to take a trip or migrate, with a connotation of length and difficulty 55. Vacation: a trip taken for leisure as a respite from work or from normal life in general 56. Venture: see adventure 57. Visit: a trip undertaken to spend time with friends or family 58. Voyage: originally, any long trip, but now confined to those over a large body of water 59. Walkabout: a migratory trip in Australia 60. Weekend: a trip away from the usual environment between one workweek and the next Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Disappointed + PrepositionWriting Styles (with Examples)

Linear Regression Statistics and Analysis

Linear Regression Statistics and Analysis Linear regression is a statistical technique that is used to learn more about the relationship between an independent (predictor) variable and a dependent (criterion) variable. When you have more than one independent variable in your analysis, this is referred to as multiple linear regression. In general, regression allows the researcher to ask the general question â€Å"What is the best predictor of†¦?† For example, let say we were studying the causes of obesity, measured by body mass index (BMI). In particular, we wanted to see if the following variables were significant predictors of a person’s BMI: number of fast food meals eaten per week, number of hours of television watched per week, the number of minutes spent exercising per week, and parents’ BMI. Linear regression would be a good methodology for this analysis. The Regression Equation When you are conducting a regression analysis with one independent variable, the regression equation is Y a b*X where Y is the dependent variable, X is the independent variable, a is the constant (or intercept), and b is the slope of the regression line. For example, let’s say that GPA is best predicted by the regression equation 1 0.02*IQ. If a student had an IQ of 130, then, his or her GPA would be 3.6 (1 0.02*130 3.6). When you are conducting a regression analysis in which you have more than one independent variable, the regression equation is Y a b1*X1 b2*X2 †¦ bp*Xp. For example, if we wanted to include more variables to our GPA analysis, such as measures of motivation and self-discipline, we would use this equation. R-Square R-square, also known as the coefficient of determination, is a commonly used statistic to evaluate the model fit of a regression equation. That is, how good are all of your independent variables at predicting your dependent variable? The value of R-square ranges from 0.0 to 1.0 and can be multiplied by 100 to obtain a percentage of variance explained. For example, going back to our GPA regression equation with only one independent variable (IQ)†¦Let’s say that our R-square for the equation was 0.4. We could interpret this to mean that 40% of the variance in GPA is explained by IQ. If we then add our other two variables (motivation and self-discipline) and the R-square increases to 0.6, this means that IQ, motivation, and self-discipline together explain 60% of the variance in GPA scores. Regression analyses are typically done using statistical software, such as SPSS or SAS and so the R-square is calculated for you. Interpreting the Regression Coefficients (b) The b coefficients from the equations above represent the strength and direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. If we look at the GPA and IQ equation, 1 0.02*130 3.6, 0.02 is the regression coefficient for the variable IQ. This tells us that the direction of the relationship is positive so that as IQ increases, GPA also increases. If the equation were 1 - 0.02*130 Y, then this would mean that the relationship between IQ and GPA was negative. Assumptions There are several assumptions about the data that must be met in order to conduct a linear regression analysis: Linearity: It is assumed that the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is linear. Though this assumption can never be fully confirmed, looking at a scatterplot of your variables can help make this determination. If a curvature in the relationship is present, you may consider transforming the variables or explicitly allowing for nonlinear components.Normality: It is assumed that the residuals of your variables are normally distributed. That is, the errors in the prediction of the value of Y (the dependent variable) are distributed in a way that approaches the normal curve. You can look at histograms or normal probability plots to inspect the distribution of your variables and their residual values.Independence: It is assumed that the errors in the prediction of the value of Y are all independent of one another (not correlated).Homoscedasticity: It is assumed that the variance around the regression line is the same for all values of the independent variables. Source StatSoft: Electronic Statistics Textbook. (2011). statsoft.com/textbook/basic-statistics/#Crosstabulationb.

Tradition and Culture in the Third World Countries Essay

Tradition and Culture in the Third World Countries - Essay Example The Islamic influence helped to boost the peoples fighting skills and the greater strength of the empire. Owing to this, the Ottoman Empire expanded through conquering their neighbors with their well-advanced fighting skills. In addition, all these successes came due to the knowledge of their culture in advance (McCarthy 56).  Third world countries do not have the capacity to create advanced technology enjoyed by the first world countries. Due to this, they have to borrow it from them and establish it to their capacity. Therefore, to have command of the technology, they need to learn the previous and present philosophies that led to their creation. This would give a guideline on how to develop other advanced technologies. Acquiring tradition directly from others may not be beneficial to all third world countries. Some kind of traditions does not fit in the lifestyle of the third world countries. Traditions were part of the motives that led to the fall of the Ottoman Empire. The emp ire had the tradition of inheriting the seat of a sultan. The struggle for the control of the empire led to its sudden decline. Therefore, the third world countries should only choose beneficial ideas leading to the growth of the respective countries (McCarthy 289).         

Rousseau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rousseau - Essay Example Rousseau was among those social philosophers who explored the paradox that radical political theorists, remain unable to raise to democratic politics, a duality of social interests and diverse conceptions for a modern man in the form of ‘democracy’ and ‘totalitarian’ context. He was such a versatile in his opinion that on one hand he held the opinion to experience democracy, while on the other he felt the urge to be totalitarian. No doubt Rousseau’s ideal of a self-sovereign people along with the conception of democratic control over social life, informed the moral and political vision of nineteenth and twentieth century democratic mass movements, as well as non-democratic variants thereof.Although Rousseau have been the first political theorist to outline the form of a democratic social contract, his obsession with social solidarity precluded his conceptualizing the content of modern democratic political life . What he believed was a modern democrati c policy within which general will involved the establishment of a democratic consensus, among divergent social interests and distinct moral conceptions of the good, on those shared constitutional practices and public goods that reach beyond one’s identity with a particular sub community.Rousseau was among the very few political philosophers and theorists who gave a touch of taste of totalitarian to a full democratic region. He comprehend that if democracy were to be a stable and viable order, a commitment to its political practices and public goods would have to be an integral part of the will of each of its citizens, regardless of their propertied status. Although Rousseau acknowledged that in a free society the existence of such a shared "general will" should not obliterate individual wills, his attitude toward the role of associational life in a democratic order was profoundly ambivalent. Perhaps because he never witnessed a functioning pluralist democracy and vigorously opposed the status and economic inequalities of a commercial, monarchical society, Rousseau could not envision a democracy in which the political interactions of divergent interests forged a commitment to a common political life 3. In his day, status-based interests were a profound barrier to the creation of an egalitarian, democratic order; thus Rousseau never witnessed free associations playing a central role in the life of a demo cratic polity. Although Rousseau is theoretically committed to the sovereign authority of the people, he could be thought of as such a political symbol that severely curtailed the arena for democratic politics by denying any role for particular interests groups or sub communities in political deliberation. He believed a democratic society to be partly constituted through popular participation in the election of government and in popular deliberation about the constitutional structure of society, the nature of the basic laws. But it is also shaped by particular interests defending their concerns in both civil society and the political arena. In a vigorous and egalitarian democratic order, a complex dialectic would persist between the activities of secondary associations and their regulation by broader democratic cultural norms and legislative practices. Although the citizens of a democracy must at times achieve a measure of reflective distance from their particular attachments in order to reason ab out shared institutions and practices, a complete distancing from particular identities will never be fully achieved 4. This mediation between particular and collective identities, and between partial interests and the common good, can only occur politically. There is no Archimedean resolution to this inherent democratic dilemma. For Rousseau the essence of both "natural freedom" and "civil freedom" was the absence of personal dependence on others. In a society characterized by a healthy civic culture, all

Hotel and Outdoor Petting Zoo Essay Example for Free

Hotel and Outdoor Petting Zoo Essay There are many steps to planning a vacation to Kalahari Resorts, Ohio. First of all, you must ask yourself how many days would you like to spend at Kalahari. Once you decide, you must figure you want to book a flight or drive. Depending on certain dates, flights can be really expensive if booked during peak vaction months. Driving on the other hand, is not for everyone. It can be very expensive with the price of gas, and very tedious depending how many hours you will spend in the car. The next step is to find pricings on the hotel with their website, Kalahariresorts.com. This website provides package deals that include: the room, access to the aracde, and also access to the pool. When choosing your room, you need to pick the perks you want, such as a full kitchen or a veiw of the outdoor petting zoo. Now that you have chosen your means of transportaion and room, you must determine how much money you would like to spend while are there. This will help set a budget and keep and keep your finances in order, but also prevent you from spending too much. Always remember to have fun at Kalahari and make it a stay youll never forget. There are many steps to planning a vacation to Kalahari Resorts, Ohio. First of all, you must ask yourself how many days would you like to spend at Kalahari. Once you decide, you must figure you want to book a flight or drive. Depending on certain dates, flights can be really expensive if booked during peak vaction months. Driving on the other hand, is not for everyone. It can be very expensive with the price of gas, and very tedious depending how many hours you will spend in the car. The next step is to find pricings on the hotel with their website, Kalahariresorts.com. This website provides package deals that include: the room, access to the aracde, and also access to the pool. When choosing your room, you need to pick the perks you want, such as a full kitchen or a veiw of the outdoor petting zoo. Now that you have chosen your means of transportaion and room, you must determine how  much money you would like to spend while are there. This will help set a budget and keep and keep your finances in order, but also prevent you from spending too much. Always remember to have fun at Kalahari and make it a stay youll never forget.

Confucius-Summary Essay -- essays research papers

Confucius-Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Master Kung, also known as Kung Fu-tzu is known to be the Confucius of the west. He is one of the most well known philosophers in Chinese history. Confucianism has evolved so much over the years that no one knows the original thoughts of the master. Master Kung established a tradition of cultural values. Confucius wanted to attain a position in government so he could influence the ruler, thus helping him make wiser decisions. He was appointed to a governmental position in Lu but it was brief. So he traveled the neighboring states hoping to attain another position, and he did but he often spoke his mind when he shouldn’t have and was forced to leave again. When he returned home he realized that through his teaching he would be able to affect the people more. Confucius taught that all human affairs were structured by five relationships: father and son, husband and wife, elder and younger brother, ruler and official, and friend and friend. He had a major emphasis on the family be cause three of these relationships focus on the family. Confucius was more of a summarizer and rephraser of truths than an original thinker. He focused on the relation of human being to human being and the relation of governor to governed. Confucius Life Confucius is described, by Sima Qian and other sources, as having endured a poverty-stricken and humiliating youth and been forced, upon reaching manhood, to undertake such petty jobs as accounting and caring for livestock. Confucius surname Kong (which means literally an utterance of thankfulness when prayers have been answered), his tabooed given name Qiu, and his social name Zhongni, all appear connected to the miraculous circumstances of his birth. We do not know how Confucius himself was educated, but tradition has it that he studied ritual with the Daoist Master Lao Dan, music with Chang Hong, and the lute with Music-master Xiang. At the age of fifty, when Duke Ding of Lu was on the throne, Confucius' talents were recognized and he was appointed Minister of Public Works and then Minister of Crime. But Confucius apparently offended members of the Lu nobility who were with Duke Ding for power and he was subsequently forced to leave office and go into exile. In any case, by most t raditional accounts, Confucius returned to Lu in 484 BCE and spent the remainder of his life teaching,... ...e to physical force, such ‘virtue’ also enabled the ruler to maintain good order in his state without troubling himself and by relying on loyal and effective deputies. The way to maintain and cultivate such royal ‘virtue’ was through the practice and enactment of li or ‘rituals’—the ceremonies that defined and punctuated the lives of the ancient Chinese aristocracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confucius Sayings   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confucius was a man who talked about the virtues and principles of life dealing with family, government, and work. These concepts were often reflected in his quotes. These are a few to ponder the mind: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Virtue is not left to stand alone. He who practices it will have. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not possible for one to teach others who cannot teach his own family. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He who merely knows right principles is not equal to him who loves them. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If you enjoy what you do, you'll never work another day in your life. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They must often change, who would be constant in happiness or wisdom.

An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge Essay

â€Å"As he is about to clasp her he feels a stunning blow upon the back of the neck; a blinding white light blazes all around him with a sound like the shock of a cannon—then all is darkness and silence†. Ambrose Bierce has a unique way of captivating reader’s attention and it is perfectly shown in his short story â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge†. The story tells about a man in southern Alabama during the Civil War, which is about to be hanged by a group of Union soldiers. This man to be hanged is identified as a gentleman named Peyton Farquhar who attempted to destroy the Owl Creek Bridge, the same one they are standing on. Suddenly, the rope snaps and he falls into the river where he somehow manages to swim ashore in order to escape from the Union soldiers. As he pulls himself ashore, he now starts the long journey home. After walking all day and night without feeling â€Å"the roadway beneath his feet† he arrives home and as he is about to hug his wife, he feels a strong pain in his neck and hears a loud noise. Farquhar was now dead by hanging, and all of his escape was just a dream of his. It is set in the Owl Creek Bridge in Alabama where Peyton Farquhar is about to be hanged early in the morning. The whole story happens just in one day, even though the author mentions flashbacks of Peyton’s past. On one side of the creek there is forest and on the other is a group of Union Soldiers. There is a cannon hiding in a line of trees and the soldiers are preparing to execute Farquhar with a rope around his neck. There is only one main character in the story and three secondary characters. Peyton Farquhar is a plantation owner who comes from a wealthy family from the south. However he is a strong supporter of the Southern cause. He is arrested and is to be hanged by the Union soldiers because he attempted to destroy Owl Creek Bridge so that the Union soldiers wouldn’t pass by his hometown. There is also Mrs. Farquhar, Peyton’s wife who was a small but significant role in the story. She is the one who alerts Peyton of the arrival of the Union soldiers to their town. The groups of Union soldiers include executioners, a Lieutenant who gives the final orders; there are sentinels, officers and also soldiers along the shore. There is also a Union Scout, which is mentioned in one of Farquhar’s flashback, who is a soldier that rides onto Farquhar’s plantation asking for a glass of water wearing Confederate gray. He later on turns out to be the one who warns the Union soldiers about Farquhar’s plan to burn down Owl Creek Bridge. The story is divided in three parts. None of them are written in first person. Most of the story is told in a third person point of view. The storyteller can observe events but cannot enter the mind of ant character and cannot change ant of his or her thoughts. However in some parts of the story, the narration changes to omniscient third person point of view. We know this because the author takes the reader inside Farquhar’s mind to show how his mind interprets reality. When it comes to talking about the theme, Peyton Farquhar denies reality. He avoids it. This is why he enters into the delusional state of mind. While being hanged he dreams that he escapes after the weight of he’s body breaks the rope and he swims to safety, and long after he returns to his home. Even though this dream lasts only seconds, in Farquhar’s mind it lasts the whole day. This could be a way of the author to say that Farquhar refuses to accept the reality that is going on during the civil war, where even gentlemen like him who support the Southern cause can be victims of what the barbarous Union soldiers can do. The story was published in 1891 right after the civil war in the United States of America. Bierce tries to express how the cruelty took place during the years of the Civil war, how slaves were treated and condemned. By Farquhar’s character Bierce expresses how anybody who opposed the Union to support the Southern cause was seen as a rebellious person no matter his social position. There is a controversy between critics when it comes to categorizing this short story into a literary form. Some critics say that the story is a narration: it has a beginning, a middle and an end. However some critics believe that because of the ending, the story is more of a thriller, suspense or even mystery. Bierce uses a unique way to shift from different tones during the story. He changes from an authorial realistic voice, to a fantastic tone in order to immerse into Farquhar’s mind. â€Å"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge† is a very interesting story with a surprising twist. Ambrose Bierce uses many different techniques to show the reader how brutal and savage the Civil war was like and how people was treated. This short story changed the American culture.

Child Custody and Support Laws Should Be Changed Essay

Present child custody and support laws do not make any sense. They often penalize hard working parents and alienate parents from children they love. These laws must be re-examined and revised so that the best interest of children be served at all times. John Smith lives with his new wife and her four children, ages 4 to 14. He is the only father that these youngsters have known, and he provides for them in all the ways that a father must. John Smith must pay $1,000 to his ex-wife, a woman he divorced 12 years ago, but with whom he had two children, ages 14 and 15. He barely sees his children, and when he does, the situation is strained and the children act like they would rather be somewhere else. John believes that he would rather have had primary custody of his children: he would have participated more actively in their upbringing, and he would have stayed closer to them, and he would have made a better parent that their mother. He resents that he was not given the opportunity to be closer to his children; instead, the courts had given custody to her; she was their mother, and that was all that counted. Now, they are almost strangers to him. John is angry that the system is holding him hostage to his ex-wife by mandating that he pay her $1,000 a month, even though they’ve been divorced for 12 years, even though she refuses to seek employment to contribute to her children’s support, even though he must struggle to make ends meet with his new family. John Smith is one of 3 million divorced men who have had very little control over decisions of custody and child support. These men feel that as implemented, these laws favor the mothers and force men into choosing to become deadbeat dads. Show status of situation: how many children live in divorced homes; what percentage of das get custody; show how in a typical situation, mothers get custody, and fathers paay support. This situation must change, laws must be designed to treat all equitably and fairly, and in this particular case, the primary concern should be the best interest of the children in divorce situations. I.Custody decisions should be based on who is the better parent II.As much as possible, both parents should have equal access to their children III.Child support rules should demand equally from both parents IV.Rules should allow non-custodial parent enough finances to live his/her life V.Payment should be linked to visitation, etc

Public Administration essay

Public Administration essay Public Administration essay Public Administration essayPublic administration provides the organization of joint activities of people and manages these activities through the relevant bodies of the state apparatus and civil servants who perform certain functions. Among the functional responsibilities I can highlight the following: planning, scientific forecasting, formation of government bodies and organization of their activities, gathering and processing information, monitoring and accounting. I believe that the most important feature of public administration is the practical organization of the functions of the state.Each person sees public administration in different ways, but all of us wants to live in a state where his opinion is taken into account. I agree with experts who believe that public administration takes place where people work together collaboratively. It provides awareness and focus of this activity. Management achieves its goals through the harmonization and coordination of human actions. Ther efore, I am sure that it is desirable that each of us takes into account not only personal initiative, but also consider the opinion of other people. In my opinion, it would be right. Performing coordination function, management ensures consistency between the individual actions.In order to understand how possible it is for the system of public administration to be at the same time effective, efficient, and accountable, I offer to consider what principles the governance is based on. There are three approaches, which are formulated according to these basic principles. They are: legal, political and management. Core values ​​of public administration under legal approach are the values ​​of the rule of law and the protection of citizens rights. In this case, public servants are subordinated not so much to their superior, but to the requirements of law. According to political approach, the main task of government is to maximize the embodiment of the will of p eople. Civil servants at the same time must be politically accountable and susceptible to the current interests of the citizens. As it is known the core values ​​of public administration under management approach should be: effectiveness, efficiency and results. On my opinion, it is important to get maximum results with acceptable cost. As we see, these three approaches have one common problem the problem of compliance of actions of civil servants formulated in principles: follow the rule of law (legal approach), following the will of people (political approach) and follow the purpose of obtaining the desired socio-economic result (management approach).In my opinion, it is impossible to speak separately about effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability, as they are complementary concepts. If the system is not effective and efficient, it won’t be accountable. Conversely, without setting a goal to work for results, efficiency and qualification are meaningless. I believe that in order to achieve these three conditions, political administration should adhere to a set of requirements. Experts say that effectiveness of the work of management system requires interaction of all components of the system. Management should be comfortable for both manager, and managed. Thus, I am sure that for effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability, public administration should adhere to ethics of management. Manager must be able to think and build a logical chain. He should have a wide range of knowledge of the area in which he works. I truly believe that all employees of the public administration should be literate and competent. In order to make public administration effective, efficient, and accountable, it needs to set goals. The main objectives of public administration are socio-economic (achievement of economic prosperity, building and maintaining a certain system of economic relations, and satisfaction of public interest), political (developing posi tive proposals and processes in society and state, participating of all political forces in the management of the country, contributing to the improvement of state and social structures and , in particular, human development), security (ensuring the rights and freedoms of citizens, rule of law in society, public order and safety), institutional (formation of legal system, promoting implementation of all the basic functions of the state and solving all its problems with the help of democratic institutions and the rule of law mechanisms).Based on the facts named above, I can make a conclusion that the considerable importance in the government belongs to people who work in this system. I believe that government employees have to be of great professionalism in order public administration to be effective. Professional experience and deep knowledge play a huge role in improving the efficiency of public administration. It is appropriate to create business schools where future specialists c ould learn the priority tasks of the system and experiences of successful managers. Their professionalism must be maintained by conducting appraisals. There is a need to conduct seminars for civil servants with foreign guests to share experiences. I am sure that it is necessary for state personnel to be guided by national interests, listen to the needs of population, and hold meetings with public. In order to improve governance, they should follow its principles. Among the basic principles are the following: democracy (according to which the people is the source of power), legality (activities should be based on compliance with the laws of the country), objectivity (adequate perception of the situation), scientific (adoption and implementation of management decisions should be carried out taking into account scientific developments), concreteness (activity management should take into account specific circumstances of life), and efficiency (achieving the objectives of management acti vities should be done with minimal effort, time and money). I am sure that managers should be able to find a middle ground, then the work of public administration will be effective, efficient, and accountable.

Bill Gates had been friends since high school Essay Example for Free

Bill Gates had been friends since high school Essay Mike Basset and Bill Gates had been friends since high school. They’d competed for 1st place all the time. They’d spent hour’s together writing computer programs even before people heard in programming. They grew up together and even went to university and were joint top students. They both went in the programming business and soon each opened their own computer company Bill named his ‘Microsoft’ and Mike called it ‘Compufriek’. Bill was very successful and was very famous his products all across the globe he was well know for Windows and Microsoft office. On the other hand Mike was very good but only known in the United States but still lacking behind Bill. They both got married and had children. Mike’s wife Jenny was very jealous of Marry Mrs. Gates shoe always used to talk about how successful her husband is and the contacts he makes with Difrent Company’s across the world. Mike is also fed up his only ambition from when he was a boy was to run the best computer company and here his best friend his standing in his way. One day Mr. & Mrs. Gates invited the Bassets for a barbecue in their new mansion. It was exactly noon when the Bassets arrived at the Gates. â€Å"Hello Mike† said Bill, â€Å"how’s things going? † he asked. â€Å"Alright† replied Mike. They sat down at a table, Bill has dismissed all the servants so they could spend some time together and do everything like the old days. â€Å"I have just signed a deal with the Japanese,† â€Å"Worth a lot† saying Bill as proud as it gets. â€Å"Good I wish the best for you† replied Mike but in a not meaning it sort of way. â€Å"I am fed up of this he’s always boasting about himself, oh I wish I was as rich and famous like Bill† he was saying to himself. The day went on and they had dinner. The next day Mike’s wife started to nag she kept saying how come you’re not as rich as bill and you’re better than him, he couldn’t take it. That day he wanted to eat Chinese he went to his favorite Chinese restaurant ‘Chin Dragon’. They ate dinner and after a waitress came up to them, â€Å"do you want to try our new fortune cookies† â€Å"some people have been very lucky and even there dreams came true† she said. â€Å"Well ok get us two,† replied Mike â€Å"Right away† said the waitress. She went and came back after five minutes carrying a plate with 2 cookies. â€Å"There you go,† said the waitress Mike took his and snapped it in half and took the paper out. â€Å"What does it say? † Asked Mikes wife. â€Å"Fame and fortune will come very soon,† replied Mike. His wife then takes hers and snaps it in half and took her paper. â€Å"Mines say’s your loved ones will be rich and famous! † She told Mike. â€Å"Can it be that my dream will finally come true? † He said to himself. â€Å"What does this mean? † Asked Jenny. â€Å"I don’t know† Mike replied. â€Å"But lets go home I’m tired and I need a rest† he said. When they got home Mike couldn’t stop thinking about the fortune cookies. He kept wondering was this just a coincidence that he got this in a fortune cookie, even Jenny his wife got the same thing. Can this be true can his life ambition come true? No he thought it has to be a coincidence. That night he couldn’t sleep. He kept thinking if this was true what was going to bring him this fame and fortune? All he’s working on at this moment is a simple hacking program for him self because of free time. His wife wakes up. She asks him why isn’t he asleep. He tells her what he’s thinking about and she says, â€Å"I don’t think your going to get fame and fortune just like that†Ã'Ž â€Å"What do you mean? † he replied â€Å"Well, that hacking program you’re working on for fun† she says. â€Å"Yes what about it? † he replies anxiously. â€Å"Is it power full? She asks. â€Å"Yeah its pretty good† he replies but doesn’t have a clue what’s all this got to do with his fortune. â€Å"Why don’t you access Bills files and find out what he’s planning? † she says quietly. â€Å"You want me to betray my best friend. No forget about it† he replied angrily and went to bed. The next day he gets up and goes on his computer to do a bit of work. He kept working on his hacking program until it was finished. â€Å"Honey† he called. â€Å"I’ve finished my program. † Jenny walks in and congratulates him â€Å"Well no you need to test it! † she said. â€Å"Test it? † he replied. â€Å"Who on? † â€Å"I can’t try it on anyone its illegal† â€Å"Well test it on Bills I am sure he wont mind, you are his best friend† she tells him â€Å"Just see if it works properly and the switch it off† â€Å"Well ok† he replies and starts to test it he started to input and few numbers and letters and the put search. Bills name came up on the screen. He accessed his computer. â€Å"Look what’s that? † asked Jenny â€Å"Oh it will be some of his files† â€Å"I’ll close it now I know it works† he saidÃ'Ž â€Å"No† Jenny said, â€Å"just have a quick look, it won’t hurt† He sat there looking at Bill Gates files. His ambition took control of him. He spotted a file named ‘big plan’. He began looking through it. It was a massive program what was going to change the world. He froze. All his life he wanted fame and now he could get it but at his best friends cost. Jenny kept telling him to copy the file then alter it for him so he goes wrong. She called him a coward. He didn’t know what to do. His wife kept nagging him. He finally surrendered to his ambition and downloaded the file to his computer and started to alter Bills file completely. Jenny kept saying how wonderful he was and encouraged him to carry on. He was finished. He worked day and night on this program until one day he had finished it. Bill rang him up that day and said that his whole life just went wrong. The program contract with the Japs he made has fallen because his program didn’t work. Now he has to pay Billions of pounds in compensation and at the moment cant pay that amount so he had to sell half his company. At that moment guilt started to grow in Mikes heart. His best friends life has collapsed but his road is open. He felt very sorry for him and said he was busy. In the following week Mike made a contract with the British. He sold them Bill’s program for a 30 billion contract he got 50% of the shares. His name was known all across the globe and his program sold very fast. But now he was feeling very guilty he’s now the famous rich and famous one while his friend was under debt. In those weeks Bill didn’t even find out about Mike he was to busy sorting out his problem. He went and says the program a computer competition. He was absolutely stunned when it had looked just like the one he made. He gets a bit suspicious and goes to Mike’s home straight away. When he got there he didn’t even say hello to Mike the first thing he said was â€Å"that program of yours when did you start making it? † Mike hesitated a bit knowing Bills suspicion he replies â€Å"oh I’ve been on this special project for a long time, Its been a secret† Bill talked to him about it and went back home. Mike was feeling awful he probably just lost his best friend. His guilt grew more and more over the days past. He didn’t hear from Bill for a while now and was really scared. What he didn’t know was at this time Bill was trying to see if anyone had hacked is computer. He knew that it couldn’t be just anyone because his computer was protected with extra security. Bill spent hours trying to track down the thief. One day when Bill was on his computer he was going through a list of who opened the computer and when he say a weird number. He tried to find out what it meant but couldn’t. Meanwhile Mike was not leading a happy life. He was rich and famous. Didn’t even see his wife, she was always out and about. He couldn’t go out and show his face to the public they would just give him credit for the new program and that would make things worse. One week later something very unexpected happened when Mike was at home. The F. B. I came knocking at his door. â€Å"Can I help you? † he asked â€Å"Would you please come with us? † they replied. â€Å"What seems to be the matter? † Mike asked knowing he was caught. â€Å"You are under arrest for hacking into someone’s computer and steeling ideas and programs. † They replied in a disappointed tone of voice. At that moment he knew his life was over his ambition just destroyed his life. He went quietly with them. As stepping out of their car and going towards the police station he says Bill. â€Å"I’m sorry,† he said to him. â€Å"From all the people I didn’t want to think it was you† he replied in a disappointed way. Mike walked off with the agents and into the station. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison. All of the money from the program went to Bill Gates and he got all the credit. He managed to by back all his company and start dominating the computer world once again. Mike was finished he would never write another computer program again. Bill’s life returned to normal except for one thing he had no best friend beside him. Bill Gates had been friends since high school. (2017, Aug 21). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

FMS Optimisation using Discrete Event Simulation and Genetic Algorithm Essay

FMS Optimisation using Discrete Event Simulation and Genetic Algorithm - Essay Example The production planning in the manufacturing systems are forecasted using Enterprise Resource Planning package recently. Since the market demand varies every now and then the process has to be driven based on that. Flexible manufacturing system functions by utilising these advancements and deliver multiple products of sufficient quantity as per the demand. Genetic Algorithms are found to provide solutions for real-time problems in various operations. It has been used conveniently for researchers for various search and optimization problems. Owing to the problems associated with FMS optimization using Genetic algorithm and discrete simulation system this present project is initiated. Kazuhiro Saitou et al. (2002) presented a robust design of FMS using colored Petri nets and genetic algorithm. In their work it was found that the resource allocation and operation schedule were modelled as colored Petri nets. Their robust model designed minimized the production cost under multiple operation plan. It as able to handle large data sets conveniently as well as operates flexibly by using an genetic algorithm merged with shortest imminent operation time dispatching rule and automatically finds the optimal resource. These kinds of simulation can be more applicable in situation where there is varied job specification. Discrete event simulation The discrete event simulation works powerfully in optimization and decision-making process in manufacturing systems. Merchawl and Elmaraghy (1998) developed an analytical approach to customize the discrete event simulation for decision-making in flexible manufacturing systems. Planning horizon, the overall system average interarrival time and the average number of workstation influences the simulation run time. In their approach they reduced the simulation run time by aggregating the number of workstations. They also validated their methods with sample and control measures by running the applications with and without aggregation of the workstation. The results showed a 400% time reduction with fewer errors. Mostly the Genetic Algorithms (GA) is coupled with other techniques or processes to handle complex situation. Studies carried out revealed that increasing the mutation rates above optimum level cannot solve the problems associated. The study was focused on finding methods to improve the performance of GA by improving the average fitness of the initial population, P. Fenton and P. Walsh (2005) Review and Analysis The project will focus on initial aspects of reviewing the present complications and problems associated with the utilities of GA and Discrete event simulation methods. The first phase of review will focus on identifying the present application of these algorithms in various domains and its recent advancements. The next phase of the review analysis will be focused towards identifying all the limitations of these systems at the implementations

Julius Caesar Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Julius Caesar Biography - Essay Example Whatever he achieved in his life were rightly deserved. Amidst all this, it can be safely said, that geniuses at times have a flaw in them, which leads to their downfall and doom. Julius Caesar lived to this category and matched it to perfection. During his life, he managed to attain those heights which many others together could not manage doing so. His life was full of events. He made his way out of trouble and tough times and earned himself the name of being one of the best rulers of his time. Marcus Tullius Cicero the great orator who lived in the same era quite rightly defined Julius Caesar â€Å"A realist by his fingertips, not led astray by ideals or ideologies. He was not afraid to temporarily grovel†. (BookRags). ... 360) Julius Caesar was born in a family representing a humble background .His childhood days were mostly spent in the neighborhood of Rome .It would not be wrong to say that the political events of unrest taking place in the background of his childhood, left an impact on his mind and guided him taking an inspiration from the unrest and followed the ways in same manner later in his life .Childhood was spent in rough pattern and the entire family found it difficult making both ends meet. This was brought up by various reasons, one of them being the civil war in those days that was going on in the surroundings. Teenage life was one of the toughest times in his life where he was totally broke. While he was still in his teen age, things took turn for the better when he joined the Army and spent some time there. He started showing his abilities soon after and in the battle against Rome he performed above his abilities and saved number of his companions in the battle field. From here on, hi s life kept taking turns and events kept occurring during his life. In 80 B.C he earned himself the civil crown during the capture of Mytilene (Caesar and Kennedy) .Later on he went on to achieve the distinction of becoming the military tribune. The journey of success continued in various forms of promotion through the ranks till he became the all superior and top ranked. His personal life was never stable and from the beginning kept shifting between dark and light color. Got married at early age yet things were not smooth on this front .The wife was from a rich background and she by chance happened to belong to the family that was in opposition to the then rules, hence his personal peace and marriage landed in the hands of political intrigues and personal enmities and he had to take

The Role of NGOs in Chechen Conflict Research Paper

The Role of NGOs in Chechen Conflict - Research Paper Example When the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, Chechnya, which was then part Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic in Northern Caucasus, also declared its independence. It was in December 1994 that the Russian Federation launched a military operation against the rebelling state. This ended in 1996 with a humiliating defeat for Russia, and Aslan Maskhadov was elected as Chechen President in 1997. However, despite of peace treaty signed between the two countries, Chechnya relapsed in a turmoil that the fairly elected president was unable to control. This was due to the destruction from the war, failure of Russia to provide promised war reparations, external interference by Islamic radicals, swelling crime and inter-Chechen enmities, which granted excuse to the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to launch a second war against Chechnya in 1999, in name of combating international terrorism, but with an obvious purpose of forcing Chechnya back into the Federation (Faurby, 1999). The combat continues as a guerrilla war with ample loss of life and resources on both sides and bleak prospects for hostilities to end soon. International humanitarian laws and human rights laws have been extensively violated on both sides. Reports estimate death toll to be around 80000 since, while the number of displaced to the neighbouring Dagestan is estimated to be 300000 (IRC, c.2006). Russian political leaders were insistent that the warfare was an internal matter for Russia, something that many western leaders were eager to approve, as they did not want the Chechen conflict to hinder their relations (Cornell, 1999). This was not only politically problematic, but also a breach of international laws. However, as the Non Governmental Organization (NGOs) like the Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International increase their activities in human rights field by bringing to light the violations and lobbying

India Biscuits Industryis

India Biscuits Industryis IMC PLAN FOR BISCUITS Suitation analysis: India Biscuits Industryis the largest among all the food industries and has a turn over of around Rs.3000 crores. India is known to be the second largest manufacturer of biscuits, the first being USA. It is classified under two sectors: organized and unorganized. Bread and biscuits are the major part of the bakery industry and covers around 80 percent of the total bakery products in India. Biscuits stand at a higher value and production level than bread. This belongs to the unorganized sector of the bakery Industry and covers over 70% of the total production. Major Players The major players in the biscuit segment are: * Britannia * Parle * Bakeman * ITC Foods Ltd. * Surya Food and Agro Pvt. Ltd. * HLL Major Brands the major brands of biscuit are: * Britannia * Parle * Bakeman * Priya Gold * Elite * Cremica * Dukes * Anupam * Horlicks Even as Britannia Industries Ltd (BIL) is unwrapping a new advertising strategy for its relaunched brand MarieGold, Parle Products Pvt Ltd has roped in Ogilvy Mather India to design the advertising plans for its yet-to-be launched brand Monaco Bites. With the entry of Hindustan Lever Ltds biscuit brand Modern Energy Biscuits, competition is hotting up in the Rs 2,500-crore Indian biscuits market. For starters, BIL has recently relaunched its flagship brand MarieGold with value additions in a bid to rejuvenate the brand. Along with the relaunch, the company has also revamped the advertising and packaging strategy of the brand in the overcrowded category. Strapped with a new tagline ‘Packed with wheat energy, the new avatar of MarieGold in a new packaging hit the Indian marketplace just a few days ago. The company is still in the process of rolling out the relaunched brand across the country, inform sources from the company. And to announce the relaunch of MarieGold, BIL is rolling out a multi-media ad campaign which includes press advertisement, television commercials and radio advertising, says Lowe India (Bangalore) vice-president Preeti Maroli. â€Å"Well be using all the media vehicles that are available. To start with, we have launched a television commercial in Hindi. Very soon, we will roll out print ad campaign first in Hindi. Later we will go for press ads in English,† she adds. To support the mass media ad campaign for its relaunched brand, the agency will be using below-the-line activities too, says Ms Maroli. The agency also has plans to put up hoardings and banners as part of its outdoor media strategy. â€Å"As for our ad strategy, we have used the health plank to highlight the the benefit of wheat energy in the relaunched MarieGold. And of course, we have revamped MarieGolds packaging strategy with the relaunch,† adds Ms Maroli. On the other hand, Parle Products Ltd has hired the services of Ogilvy Mather India to create communication plans for its new product called ‘Monaco Bites. Says Ogilvy Mather India executive director Nishi Suri: â€Å"Amid stiff competition, we won this new account. The other agencies in the fray were Everest Communications and Grey Worldwide. Its a prestigious account as our client plans to launch ‘Monaco Bites in different flavours, including cheese.† According Ms Suri, Ogilvy Mather has been handling the ad account of Parle KrackJack for the last 15 years. â€Å"Our ad campaigns for Monaco Bites are still in the pipeline,† she adds. At present, Britannia Industries and Parle Products Ltd are considered dominant players in the overcrowded branded biscuits category Biscuit majors mapping out new growth strategies in India The economic slowdown hasnt dented this market. On the contrary, the food majors are splurging big time on the biscuits market. To accelerate the volumes in the Rs 9,000-crore brandedbusiness market, three of Indias food majors plan to spend heavily. ITC Foods is working out a full-fledged plan to expand its manufacturing capacity, retail activities and brand activation activities. Britannia Industries Ltd (BIL), on its part, is focusing on consumer promotions and new launches to maintain its position in the overcrowded category. Even ParleProducts, which reportedly has 42% share in this category, is mapping out an aggressive growth strategy that comprises of re-launches, launches and high- profile television campaigns. Clearly, the sector will face a whole lot of action in the next two months. The slowdown has not affected this sector. The sector will be registering a sound growth rate of around 15% this year, informed a Mumbai based analyst. The category has some strong regional presence like Priya Gold in the north and east, Cremica in the west and Dukes in the south. On ITCs plan, Chitaranjan Dhar, chief executive officer, ITC Foods informed that we will be exploring different opportunities for profitable growth. We are planning to reach out to selectmarkets in India. According to Dhar, ITC is intending to expand its operations to meet the increasing demand for its biscuits brands. The company entered this sector about five years back. And now it is ranked the third largest player with a market share of over 12%. BIL has launched a vigorous consumer promotion by enlarging the pack sizes of its flagship brand Tiger Glucose by almost 18%. The offer has helped Britannia sell more packs than competitors Parle and ITCs Sunfeast. Parle Products, on the other hand, is increasing its existingmanufacturingcapacity across the country. The company is concentrating on all brands with no less than 42% share in the branded biscuits market. The company is leading the pack now. In addition, Parle with a new advertising campaign is planning to re-launch Krackjack. Apart from the ad campaign for Krackjack, Parle is also rolling out a high-profile ad campaign for its brand Monaco. The company had recently launched an ad campaign featuring Hrithik Roshan to promote the new alternate of Hide Seek. SWOT Analysis Strength * Fulfill one of our Basic Requirement among Air , Water , Food, Shelter * Widely accepted in all Generations * Easily available in various forms * Provide good Instant Remedy for hunger in the form of readymade food Preserves the non seasonal food and makes it available all throughout the year Weakness * Decreases nutritional value * Increases the cost of food product * Industry and technology requires high investment * Regular usage of processed food can cause alteration in health Opportunities * Increase economy of India * Generate employment opportunity * Good quality of Goods * Provide competition to foreign companies * Improve living standard * Provide goods to nation at cheaper rate * Inflow of foreign reserve and funds for the govt.(taxes) Threats * Many companies are result oriented * Increase in pollution * Sometimes provide poor quality of product for more profit * Lack of technology * Unable to utilize all the resources efficiently PEST analysis Political: Opportunity Government provides subsidiaries to the biscuit industry. Constraints What if the government ran a health campaign to discourage people from eating too much fatty food? Economic: Opportunity Purchasing power of people has increased in India Constraints If there is a big economic downturn in your market? Would consumers switch to cheaper options? Social Opportunity Public demand for health biscuits Constraints Public are now aware of fatty food. Communication objective Create awareness among 90 % of target audience: To make people aware of new product that has all daily required nutrients that are needed for the body through continues advertsiment in newspaper, magazines, TV and radio Message is a biscuit that can keep u fit and fulfil Ur body with all nutrients. Create an image among 70% of target audience: To create an image that will differenciate the product for all other competing products of its kind and create an image of a health related product. Contains fewer fats as compared to other compititors. Develop preferences among 60 % audience: To develop people preference to this product by telling them the benefits of this product. Stimulate purchase intentions To make people think throught promotional program that product worth of buying. Stimulate trial of new product among 40 % of target audience To make people to try the product by following extensive sales promotion and personal selling like coupons and sales presentation. Budget allocation Percentage of the budget is stated for indicating the allocation Estimated budget: 50000000 Promotional budget estimate (in lakhs) Advertising TV Commercial 50 lakhs (Production broadcasting) Newspaper advertisement 8 lakhs (Design publishing) Magzine 10 lakhs Radio advertisement 20 lakhs Event Exhibition(venue Setup, etc) 50 lakhs Direct Marketing Mailing(design, printing postage, etc) 4 lakhs Personal selling Sales presentations 20 lakhs Sales meetings 5 lakhs Incentive programs 85 lakhs Sales promotions Contests; Games; Lotteries; premium and gifts; Fair and trade shows; coupons; Rebates. 100 lakhs Sponsorship programm Entertainment programs in TV Sponsoring pollution awareness programs Rallies to make people aware of health 100 laths Miscellenious expenses 48 lakhs IMC STRATEGIES The campaign objectives of n-bickies. Advertising strategy Advertising design :story board to tell the about the product as an important aspect of life Type of appeal : emotional. Target audience : all age group. Message strategy :n-bickies Meaning : n means nutrition and bickies means biscuit Tag Line : charge up yourself Media selection: television, newspaper, magazines, Internet, etc. The Unique Selling Proposition The biscuit that contains very less fatty acids. The biscuit that has all nutrients which are needed for body everyday. Will complete daily requirement of body for nutrients. Other promotional tools strategy What other promotional tools to be selected and why? Personal selling Sales presentations Sales meetings Incentive programs Public relations Seminars: will give seminars on the topic of nutrition which are required for our daily needs. How i can increase our immune power and how can we keep our self healthy and how n-bickies buscuit helps your family with this. Charitable donations: will donate money to the areas where maximum people suffer from nutrition problem thus relating it with our product. Publications: will release a monthly publication of what achievements are made my company. Community relations: Our aim is to increase their knowledge and understanding of what we do and our aim is at giving people the nutrients of everydays life, so that they can feel part of â€Å"our community† and where appropriate join with us Sales promotions Contests: will organise contests which will be on the theme of heath awareness and n-bickies biscuit will make people aware of this. Games: will organise games at major areas like universities, government offices on the name of n-bickies buscuits. Lotteries: will tie up with some very gud brands and n-bickie buscuits will be distributed as lotteries. Premium and gifts: will distribute this product as gifts and premium when a product is bought. Fair and trade shows: will organise fair and trade shows Coupons: coupon will be distributed in mall, on the purchase of various good which. Rebates: rebate will be implemented at staring stage to enforce sales. Samples: will distribute samples to know the taste of the product. Sponsorship programm Entertainment programs in television and radio. Sponsoring health awareness programs Rallies to make people aware of health. Direct marketing Catalogs: will distribute catalogs which will communicate all the best features of my product. Mailings: will mails people the catalogs of the company and product so that if they are interested they can contact us directly. Telemarketing: will communicate our product throught tele calling also. E-mail and voice mail: will email all the target market so that they are aware of our product. THE objectives for various promotional elements Advertising Objective: Educate audience and inform them about new product Audience: For every age group Timing: all allowed and determined by budget Tools/media: television, radio, newspaper, magazines Public relations Objective: inform educate, create and maintain Audience: Target groups mainly all age group. Timing: ongoing Tools /media: coverage by major news media, publications, articles in local news papers. Personal selling: Objective: maintain large powerful base of supports and get feedback about product at same time. Audience: local, regional, national. Timing: ongoing, year round promotion. Tools/media: door to door selling Sales promotions Objective: to motivate target audience to try or buy product Audience: target audience all people who are health conscious. Timing: ongoing at all the day times. Tools: cupons, rebates etc Implementation strategies For television advertsiment the spot that will be bought is between 5-7 p.m. Monday -Friday. For radio the spot that will be bought is between 6 to 10 a.m. And 5 -8 p.m. Monday- Friday. Creative tactics for print advertisement N-BICKIES: CHARGE URSELF Creative tactics for television Vedio: the visual will communicate the message given by buscuit that it is give the most benifits compared to others and will provide you with all nutrition which is required for everydays life Audio: the audio will be created which will force consumer to see the vedio and will help an appropriate mood Jingle used: gear up with n-bickies. Company: N-bickies BIBLIOGRAPLY www.jobsdb.com/HK/EN/V6HTML//IMC_Plan_Outline.pdf www.digg.com/educational/Sample_IMC_Plan www.drypen.in//developing-an-integrated-marketing-communication-plan-imc.html www.ethicsbasedmarketing.net//Sample%20IMC%20plan%20template.pdf faculty.fullerton.edu/mjoyce/Materials/IMC_Plan_Outline.htm www.kult-educ.org/wksp/imc-4/files/ibrahim/IMC-4_1-2.ppt

College Entrance Essay: Moving to the US :: essays research papers

University of Washington Admissions Essay The challenging family situation I would like to share with you is our move from Korea to the United States. In 1989, my life was changed when my family immigrated to a new country, hoping for a better future. My life in Korea was hopeless, because I was a failing student with not much interest in school. I spent the majority of my time in Arcades, wasting my coins on video games. Rather than studying with my friends, as I had told my parents I would, I obsessed over the games. The only positive aspect to my life was my private computer programming lessons. Programming in Apple BASIC presented me with an opportunity to create my own world. One day, my parents told me that we were going to move to the United States of America, and I developed a strong feeling that my life soon would change forever. After spending eleven years in Korea, our family moved a totally different environment. This I knew would be my toughest challenge to date. As a fifth grader attending a new elementary school in a new country, I felt left out because of my inability to communicate. Some kids assumed that I did not understand them at all, so they made rude remarks about me. I understood them, maybe not completely, but I knew the intent of their messages. All that I had was my Apple II computer at which I just sat and programmed when I came home from school. At home, my parents pressured me to study all of the time, but I was frustrated and wanted to return to Korea. I wanted to go back and talk freely with my friends and play games with them. My parents often told me that they decided to move here because of the educational opportunities, yet I continued to rebel and refused to listen to what they said. Over time, my English improved. I moved on to regular sixth grade classes; some of which were challenging, but tolerable because of my teachers whom were willing to help. I always enjoyed class trips to the computer lab, where I would start programming on the computer. Other kids would start to gather around and treat me like a genius. Before long, I made more friends and found that I was enjoying school. Thoughts of going back to Korea faded, and my grades rose to a satisfactory level. This pleased my parents who now encouraged me to invite friends to dinner.

Nationally Identity Cards

Real ID will not make people any safer no matter how people strive and spin it. In reality people will be less safe from tyranny and despotism than ever before for the reason that it doesn’t come from outside forces but right here in the homeland; our own backyard (AJY, 2005). The terrorist attacks of September 11  have revived proposals for a national identity card system as a way to confirm the identity of airline passengers and keep away from terrorists from entering the country (Kristof and Stanley, 2004). For instance, the Chairman and CEO of Oracle Corp., Larry Ellison, lately called for the creation of a national ID system and offered to make available the software for it without charge.The newest calls for a national ID are only the latest in a long series of proposals that have cropped up repeatedly over the past decade, typically in the framework of immigration policy, but also in connection with gun control or health care reform. But the creation of a national I.D . card remains a misplaced, superficial â€Å"quick fix.† It offers only a false sense of security and will not enhance our security but will pose serious threats to the civil liberties and civil rights. A National ID will not keep people safe or free.The problem is the card itself. No matter how unforgeable we make it, it will be forged. And even worse, people will get legitimate cards in fraudulent names (Schneier, 2004). A national ID card system will not avoid terrorism. It would not have thwarted the September 11 hijackers, for instance, lot of whom reportedly had identification documents on them, and were in the country legally.  Terrorists and criminals will continue to be able to get by legal and illegal means the documents needed to get a government ID, such as birth certificates.Yes, these new documents will have data like digital fingerprints on them, but that won't show real identity just that the carrier has obtained what could without difficulty be a fraudulen t document. And their creation would not justify the cost to American taxpayers, which according to the Social Security Administration would be at least $4 billion. It is an impractical and ineffective proposal a simplistic and naà ¯ve try to use gee-whiz technology to solve difficult social and economic problems.A national ID card system would not protect us from terrorism, but it would construct a system of internal passports that would extensively diminish the freedom and privacy of law-abiding citizens. Once put in place, it is extremely unlikely that such a system would be restricted to its original purpose. Social Security numbers, for instance, were initially intended to be used only to administer the retirement program.   But that limit has been routinely ignored and steadily abandoned over the past 50 years. A national ID system would threaten the privacy that Americans have always enjoyed and gradually amplify the control that government and business wields over everyda y citizens (Miller, 1995).What happens when an ID card is stolen? What proof is used to make a decision that gets a card? A national ID would require a governmental database of every person in the U.S. containing continually updated identifying information. It would likely contain numerous errors, any one of which could render someone unemployable and probably much worse until they get their â€Å"file† straightened out. And once that database was created, its use would almost certainly expand. Law enforcement and other government agencies would soon ask to link into it, while employers, direct mailers, landlords, private investigators, landlords, credit agencies, mortgage brokers, civil litigants, and a long list of other parties would begin seeking access, further eroding the privacy that Americans have always expected in their personal lives.Americans have long had a visceral aversion to building a society in which the authorities could act like totalitarian sentries and d emand â€Å"your papers please!† And that everyday intrusiveness would be conjoined with the full power of modern computer and database technology. When a police officer or security guard scans your ID card with his pocket bar-code reader, for instance, will a permanent record be created of that check, including the time and your location? How long before office buildings, doctors' offices, gas stations, highway tolls, subways and buses incorporate the ID card into their security or payment systems for greater efficiency? The end result could be a nation where citizens' movements inside their own country are monitored and recorded through these â€Å"internal passports.†Rather than eliminating discrimination, as some have claimed, a national identity card would foster new forms of discrimination and harassment of anyone perceived as looking or sounding â€Å"foreign.† That is what happened after Congress passed the Employer Sanctions provision of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1985: widespread discrimination against foreign-looking American workers, particularly Asians and Hispanics. A 1990 General Accounting Office study found almost 20 percent of employers engaged in such practices.A national ID card would have the same effect on a massive scale, as Latinos, Asians, Caribbean’s and other minorities became subject to ceaseless status and identity checks from police, banks, merchants and others. Failure to carry a national I.D. card would likely come to be viewed as a reason for search, detention or arrest of minorities. The stigma and humiliation of constantly having to prove that they are Americans or legal immigrants would weigh heavily on such groups.National ID is an extremely terrible idea it really isn't clear to me that a national ID card does not make identification more reliable as well as realizing important economic savings by standardization. In particular while I agree that using one ID system introduces an ordinary point of high value failure it also economically feasible to invest a great deal more in the ID system. If one ID replaces n IDs you can make the ID cost roughly about the sum of the costs of all those other IDs. If one national ID replaced our entire driver's licenses, passports, credit cards and so forth it could afford more sophisticated safeguards than any of the former IDs individually.National ID system is a bad idea. Unfortunately, insecure and badly abused national ID system already exist the Social Security Number. Using SSN and Driver's Licenses as ID systems is bad, bad, bad. There are little or no regulations governing how these data can be used and this result in the current state of things: with your name and SSN, an identity thief can wreak havoc on your life. With a plain, secure, and open architecture for individual ID's, then we, as citizens, could take power over how our identities are used and disseminated for things like insurance forms, employment appl ications, credit applications, etc. Unfortunately, the need to positively identify and track an individual for these purposes is a stone cold part of daily life.Rather than reject outright the notion of any form of national ID we should be actively working towards an architecture that actually works and provides safeguards for our personal information, while at the same time making application processes easier and more streamlined. Honestly, it makes me fume that I have to fill out my personal and insurance information every time I go to any medical professional. Why can't I enter a PIN number or password into a secured touch pad and automatically authorize the download of my information automatically? Enabling this sort of ability would be moving forward, not backward.REFERENCEAJY, Real ID Act Is Our National ID Card; Real Bad, Real Stupid, 2005 Bruce Schneier. A National ID Card Wouldn't Make Us Safer. Minneapolis Star Tribune, 2004 ;http://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2005/05/r eal_id.html;Kristof and Jay Stanley. Should the U.S. adopt a national ID card system? Many countries issue national ID cards. Post-9/11 security concerns have prompted a debate about whether †¦ ): An article from: New York Times Upfront, Scholastic, Inc., 2004.Miller, John J.   A national ID system: Big brother's solution to illegal immigration, Cato Institute (1995).